diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
index da70e94..0e0b4b9 100644
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ option) any later version.
 
 As of July 2013, contributions under version 2 of the GNU General Public
 License (and no later version) are only accepted for the following files
-or directories: bsd-user/, linux-user/, hw/misc/vfio.c, hw/xen/xen_pt*.
+or directories: bsd-user/, linux-user/, hw/vfio/, hw/xen/xen_pt*.
 
 3) The Tiny Code Generator (TCG) is released under the BSD license
    (see license headers in files).
diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index d72d6e3..01cfb05 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ F: hw/usb/dev-serial.c
 VFIO
 M: Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>
 S: Supported
-F: hw/misc/vfio.c
+F: hw/vfio/*
 
 vhost
 M: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
diff --git a/hw/Makefile.objs b/hw/Makefile.objs
index 52a1464..73afa41 100644
--- a/hw/Makefile.objs
+++ b/hw/Makefile.objs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += ssi/
 devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += timer/
 devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_TPM) += tpm/
 devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += usb/
+devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += vfio/
 devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO) += virtio/
 devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += watchdog/
 devices-dirs-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += xen/
diff --git a/hw/misc/Makefile.objs b/hw/misc/Makefile.objs
index 979e532..e47fea8 100644
--- a/hw/misc/Makefile.objs
+++ b/hw/misc/Makefile.objs
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ common-obj-$(CONFIG_MACIO) += macio/
 
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_PCI), y)
 obj-$(CONFIG_KVM) += ivshmem.o
-obj-$(CONFIG_LINUX) += vfio.o
 endif
 
 obj-$(CONFIG_REALVIEW) += arm_sysctl.o
diff --git a/hw/misc/vfio.c b/hw/misc/vfio.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 51844cf..0000000
--- a/hw/misc/vfio.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4479 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * vfio based device assignment support
- *
- * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2012
- *
- * Authors:
- *  Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>
- *
- * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See
- * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
- *
- * Based on qemu-kvm device-assignment:
- *  Adapted for KVM by Qumranet.
- *  Copyright (c) 2007, Neocleus, Alex Novik (alex@neocleus.com)
- *  Copyright (c) 2007, Neocleus, Guy Zana (guy@neocleus.com)
- *  Copyright (C) 2008, Qumranet, Amit Shah (amit.shah@qumranet.com)
- *  Copyright (C) 2008, Red Hat, Amit Shah (amit.shah@redhat.com)
- *  Copyright (C) 2008, IBM, Muli Ben-Yehuda (muli@il.ibm.com)
- */
-
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <linux/vfio.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include "config.h"
-#include "exec/address-spaces.h"
-#include "exec/memory.h"
-#include "hw/pci/msi.h"
-#include "hw/pci/msix.h"
-#include "hw/pci/pci.h"
-#include "qemu-common.h"
-#include "qemu/error-report.h"
-#include "qemu/event_notifier.h"
-#include "qemu/queue.h"
-#include "qemu/range.h"
-#include "sysemu/kvm.h"
-#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
-#include "hw/misc/vfio.h"
-#include "trace.h"
-
-/* Extra debugging, trap acceleration paths for more logging */
-#define VFIO_ALLOW_MMAP 1
-#define VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_INTX 1
-#define VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSI 1
-#define VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSIX 1
-
-struct VFIODevice;
-
-typedef struct VFIOQuirk {
-    MemoryRegion mem;
-    struct VFIODevice *vdev;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOQuirk) next;
-    struct {
-        uint32_t base_offset:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
-        uint32_t address_offset:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
-        uint32_t address_size:3;
-        uint32_t bar:3;
-
-        uint32_t address_match;
-        uint32_t address_mask;
-
-        uint32_t address_val:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
-        uint32_t data_offset:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
-        uint32_t data_size:3;
-
-        uint8_t flags;
-        uint8_t read_flags;
-        uint8_t write_flags;
-    } data;
-} VFIOQuirk;
-
-typedef struct VFIOBAR {
-    off_t fd_offset; /* offset of BAR within device fd */
-    int fd; /* device fd, allows us to pass VFIOBAR as opaque data */
-    MemoryRegion mem; /* slow, read/write access */
-    MemoryRegion mmap_mem; /* direct mapped access */
-    void *mmap;
-    size_t size;
-    uint32_t flags; /* VFIO region flags (rd/wr/mmap) */
-    uint8_t nr; /* cache the BAR number for debug */
-    bool ioport;
-    bool mem64;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOQuirk) quirks;
-} VFIOBAR;
-
-typedef struct VFIOVGARegion {
-    MemoryRegion mem;
-    off_t offset;
-    int nr;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOQuirk) quirks;
-} VFIOVGARegion;
-
-typedef struct VFIOVGA {
-    off_t fd_offset;
-    int fd;
-    VFIOVGARegion region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_NUM_REGIONS];
-} VFIOVGA;
-
-typedef struct VFIOINTx {
-    bool pending; /* interrupt pending */
-    bool kvm_accel; /* set when QEMU bypass through KVM enabled */
-    uint8_t pin; /* which pin to pull for qemu_set_irq */
-    EventNotifier interrupt; /* eventfd triggered on interrupt */
-    EventNotifier unmask; /* eventfd for unmask on QEMU bypass */
-    PCIINTxRoute route; /* routing info for QEMU bypass */
-    uint32_t mmap_timeout; /* delay to re-enable mmaps after interrupt */
-    QEMUTimer *mmap_timer; /* enable mmaps after periods w/o interrupts */
-} VFIOINTx;
-
-typedef struct VFIOMSIVector {
-    /*
-     * Two interrupt paths are configured per vector.  The first, is only used
-     * for interrupts injected via QEMU.  This is typically the non-accel path,
-     * but may also be used when we want QEMU to handle masking and pending
-     * bits.  The KVM path bypasses QEMU and is therefore higher performance,
-     * but requires masking at the device.  virq is used to track the MSI route
-     * through KVM, thus kvm_interrupt is only available when virq is set to a
-     * valid (>= 0) value.
-     */
-    EventNotifier interrupt;
-    EventNotifier kvm_interrupt;
-    struct VFIODevice *vdev; /* back pointer to device */
-    int virq;
-    bool use;
-} VFIOMSIVector;
-
-enum {
-    VFIO_INT_NONE = 0,
-    VFIO_INT_INTx = 1,
-    VFIO_INT_MSI  = 2,
-    VFIO_INT_MSIX = 3,
-};
-
-typedef struct VFIOAddressSpace {
-    AddressSpace *as;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOContainer) containers;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOAddressSpace) list;
-} VFIOAddressSpace;
-
-static QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOAddressSpace) vfio_address_spaces =
-    QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vfio_address_spaces);
-
-struct VFIOGroup;
-
-typedef struct VFIOType1 {
-    MemoryListener listener;
-    int error;
-    bool initialized;
-} VFIOType1;
-
-typedef struct VFIOContainer {
-    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
-    int fd; /* /dev/vfio/vfio, empowered by the attached groups */
-    struct {
-        /* enable abstraction to support various iommu backends */
-        union {
-            VFIOType1 type1;
-        };
-        void (*release)(struct VFIOContainer *);
-    } iommu_data;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_list;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGroup) group_list;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOContainer) next;
-} VFIOContainer;
-
-typedef struct VFIOGuestIOMMU {
-    VFIOContainer *container;
-    MemoryRegion *iommu;
-    Notifier n;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_next;
-} VFIOGuestIOMMU;
-
-/* Cache of MSI-X setup plus extra mmap and memory region for split BAR map */
-typedef struct VFIOMSIXInfo {
-    uint8_t table_bar;
-    uint8_t pba_bar;
-    uint16_t entries;
-    uint32_t table_offset;
-    uint32_t pba_offset;
-    MemoryRegion mmap_mem;
-    void *mmap;
-} VFIOMSIXInfo;
-
-typedef struct VFIODevice {
-    PCIDevice pdev;
-    int fd;
-    VFIOINTx intx;
-    unsigned int config_size;
-    uint8_t *emulated_config_bits; /* QEMU emulated bits, little-endian */
-    off_t config_offset; /* Offset of config space region within device fd */
-    unsigned int rom_size;
-    off_t rom_offset; /* Offset of ROM region within device fd */
-    void *rom;
-    int msi_cap_size;
-    VFIOMSIVector *msi_vectors;
-    VFIOMSIXInfo *msix;
-    int nr_vectors; /* Number of MSI/MSIX vectors currently in use */
-    int interrupt; /* Current interrupt type */
-    VFIOBAR bars[PCI_NUM_REGIONS - 1]; /* No ROM */
-    VFIOVGA vga; /* 0xa0000, 0x3b0, 0x3c0 */
-    PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIODevice) next;
-    struct VFIOGroup *group;
-    EventNotifier err_notifier;
-    uint32_t features;
-#define VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA_BIT 0
-#define VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA (1 << VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA_BIT)
-    int32_t bootindex;
-    uint8_t pm_cap;
-    bool reset_works;
-    bool has_vga;
-    bool pci_aer;
-    bool has_flr;
-    bool has_pm_reset;
-    bool needs_reset;
-    bool rom_read_failed;
-} VFIODevice;
-
-typedef struct VFIOGroup {
-    int fd;
-    int groupid;
-    VFIOContainer *container;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIODevice) device_list;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGroup) next;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGroup) container_next;
-} VFIOGroup;
-
-typedef struct VFIORomBlacklistEntry {
-    uint16_t vendor_id;
-    uint16_t device_id;
-} VFIORomBlacklistEntry;
-
-/*
- * List of device ids/vendor ids for which to disable
- * option rom loading. This avoids the guest hangs during rom
- * execution as noticed with the BCM 57810 card for lack of a
- * more better way to handle such issues.
- * The  user can still override by specifying a romfile or
- * rombar=1.
- * Please see https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1284874
- * for an analysis of the 57810 card hang. When adding
- * a new vendor id/device id combination below, please also add
- * your card/environment details and information that could
- * help in debugging to the bug tracking this issue
- */
-static const VFIORomBlacklistEntry romblacklist[] = {
-    /* Broadcom BCM 57810 */
-    { 0x14e4, 0x168e }
-};
-
-#define MSIX_CAP_LENGTH 12
-
-static QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGroup)
-    group_list = QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(group_list);
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
-/*
- * We have a single VFIO pseudo device per KVM VM.  Once created it lives
- * for the life of the VM.  Closing the file descriptor only drops our
- * reference to it and the device's reference to kvm.  Therefore once
- * initialized, this file descriptor is only released on QEMU exit and
- * we'll re-use it should another vfio device be attached before then.
- */
-static int vfio_kvm_device_fd = -1;
-#endif
-
-static void vfio_disable_interrupts(VFIODevice *vdev);
-static uint32_t vfio_pci_read_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr, int len);
-static void vfio_pci_write_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr,
-                                  uint32_t val, int len);
-static void vfio_mmap_set_enabled(VFIODevice *vdev, bool enabled);
-
-/*
- * Common VFIO interrupt disable
- */
-static void vfio_disable_irqindex(VFIODevice *vdev, int index)
-{
-    struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
-        .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
-        .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER,
-        .index = index,
-        .start = 0,
-        .count = 0,
-    };
-
-    ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
-}
-
-/*
- * INTx
- */
-static void vfio_unmask_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
-        .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
-        .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_UNMASK,
-        .index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX,
-        .start = 0,
-        .count = 1,
-    };
-
-    ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
-}
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_KVM /* Unused outside of CONFIG_KVM code */
-static void vfio_mask_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
-        .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
-        .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_MASK,
-        .index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX,
-        .start = 0,
-        .count = 1,
-    };
-
-    ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Disabling BAR mmaping can be slow, but toggling it around INTx can
- * also be a huge overhead.  We try to get the best of both worlds by
- * waiting until an interrupt to disable mmaps (subsequent transitions
- * to the same state are effectively no overhead).  If the interrupt has
- * been serviced and the time gap is long enough, we re-enable mmaps for
- * performance.  This works well for things like graphics cards, which
- * may not use their interrupt at all and are penalized to an unusable
- * level by read/write BAR traps.  Other devices, like NICs, have more
- * regular interrupts and see much better latency by staying in non-mmap
- * mode.  We therefore set the default mmap_timeout such that a ping
- * is just enough to keep the mmap disabled.  Users can experiment with
- * other options with the x-intx-mmap-timeout-ms parameter (a value of
- * zero disables the timer).
- */
-static void vfio_intx_mmap_enable(void *opaque)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
-
-    if (vdev->intx.pending) {
-        timer_mod(vdev->intx.mmap_timer,
-                       qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + vdev->intx.mmap_timeout);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    vfio_mmap_set_enabled(vdev, true);
-}
-
-static void vfio_intx_interrupt(void *opaque)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
-
-    if (!event_notifier_test_and_clear(&vdev->intx.interrupt)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_intx_interrupt(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                              vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                              'A' + vdev->intx.pin);
-
-    vdev->intx.pending = true;
-    pci_irq_assert(&vdev->pdev);
-    vfio_mmap_set_enabled(vdev, false);
-    if (vdev->intx.mmap_timeout) {
-        timer_mod(vdev->intx.mmap_timer,
-                       qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + vdev->intx.mmap_timeout);
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_eoi(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    if (!vdev->intx.pending) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_eoi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                   vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-    vdev->intx.pending = false;
-    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
-    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
-}
-
-static void vfio_enable_intx_kvm(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
-    struct kvm_irqfd irqfd = {
-        .fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt),
-        .gsi = vdev->intx.route.irq,
-        .flags = KVM_IRQFD_FLAG_RESAMPLE,
-    };
-    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
-    int ret, argsz;
-    int32_t *pfd;
-
-    if (!VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_INTX || !kvm_irqfds_enabled() ||
-        vdev->intx.route.mode != PCI_INTX_ENABLED ||
-        !kvm_resamplefds_enabled()) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* Get to a known interrupt state */
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(irqfd.fd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
-    vfio_mask_intx(vdev);
-    vdev->intx.pending = false;
-    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
-
-    /* Get an eventfd for resample/unmask */
-    if (event_notifier_init(&vdev->intx.unmask, 0)) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed eoi");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    /* KVM triggers it, VFIO listens for it */
-    irqfd.resamplefd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.unmask);
-
-    if (kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_IRQFD, &irqfd)) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup resample irqfd: %m");
-        goto fail_irqfd;
-    }
-
-    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
-
-    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
-    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
-    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_UNMASK;
-    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX;
-    irq_set->start = 0;
-    irq_set->count = 1;
-    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
-
-    *pfd = irqfd.resamplefd;
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
-    g_free(irq_set);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup INTx unmask fd: %m");
-        goto fail_vfio;
-    }
-
-    /* Let'em rip */
-    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
-
-    vdev->intx.kvm_accel = true;
-
-    trace_vfio_enable_intx_kvm(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                               vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-    return;
-
-fail_vfio:
-    irqfd.flags = KVM_IRQFD_FLAG_DEASSIGN;
-    kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_IRQFD, &irqfd);
-fail_irqfd:
-    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.unmask);
-fail:
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(irqfd.fd, vfio_intx_interrupt, NULL, vdev);
-    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
-#endif
-}
-
-static void vfio_disable_intx_kvm(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
-    struct kvm_irqfd irqfd = {
-        .fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt),
-        .gsi = vdev->intx.route.irq,
-        .flags = KVM_IRQFD_FLAG_DEASSIGN,
-    };
-
-    if (!vdev->intx.kvm_accel) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Get to a known state, hardware masked, QEMU ready to accept new
-     * interrupts, QEMU IRQ de-asserted.
-     */
-    vfio_mask_intx(vdev);
-    vdev->intx.pending = false;
-    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
-
-    /* Tell KVM to stop listening for an INTx irqfd */
-    if (kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_IRQFD, &irqfd)) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to disable INTx irqfd: %m");
-    }
-
-    /* We only need to close the eventfd for VFIO to cleanup the kernel side */
-    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.unmask);
-
-    /* QEMU starts listening for interrupt events. */
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(irqfd.fd, vfio_intx_interrupt, NULL, vdev);
-
-    vdev->intx.kvm_accel = false;
-
-    /* If we've missed an event, let it re-fire through QEMU */
-    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
-
-    trace_vfio_disable_intx_kvm(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-#endif
-}
-
-static void vfio_update_irq(PCIDevice *pdev)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-    PCIINTxRoute route;
-
-    if (vdev->interrupt != VFIO_INT_INTx) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    route = pci_device_route_intx_to_irq(&vdev->pdev, vdev->intx.pin);
-
-    if (!pci_intx_route_changed(&vdev->intx.route, &route)) {
-        return; /* Nothing changed */
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_update_irq(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                          vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                          vdev->intx.route.irq, route.irq);
-
-    vfio_disable_intx_kvm(vdev);
-
-    vdev->intx.route = route;
-
-    if (route.mode != PCI_INTX_ENABLED) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    vfio_enable_intx_kvm(vdev);
-
-    /* Re-enable the interrupt in cased we missed an EOI */
-    vfio_eoi(vdev);
-}
-
-static int vfio_enable_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    uint8_t pin = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev, PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN, 1);
-    int ret, argsz;
-    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
-    int32_t *pfd;
-
-    if (!pin) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
-
-    vdev->intx.pin = pin - 1; /* Pin A (1) -> irq[0] */
-    pci_config_set_interrupt_pin(vdev->pdev.config, pin);
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
-    /*
-     * Only conditional to avoid generating error messages on platforms
-     * where we won't actually use the result anyway.
-     */
-    if (kvm_irqfds_enabled() && kvm_resamplefds_enabled()) {
-        vdev->intx.route = pci_device_route_intx_to_irq(&vdev->pdev,
-                                                        vdev->intx.pin);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    ret = event_notifier_init(&vdev->intx.interrupt, 0);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed");
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
-
-    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
-    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
-    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
-    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX;
-    irq_set->start = 0;
-    irq_set->count = 1;
-    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
-
-    *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, vfio_intx_interrupt, NULL, vdev);
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
-    g_free(irq_set);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup INTx fd: %m");
-        qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
-        event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    vfio_enable_intx_kvm(vdev);
-
-    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_INTx;
-
-    trace_vfio_enable_intx(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                           vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void vfio_disable_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int fd;
-
-    timer_del(vdev->intx.mmap_timer);
-    vfio_disable_intx_kvm(vdev);
-    vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX);
-    vdev->intx.pending = false;
-    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
-    vfio_mmap_set_enabled(vdev, true);
-
-    fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(fd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
-    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
-
-    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_NONE;
-
-    trace_vfio_disable_intx(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-/*
- * MSI/X
- */
-static void vfio_msi_interrupt(void *opaque)
-{
-    VFIOMSIVector *vector = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = vector->vdev;
-    int nr = vector - vdev->msi_vectors;
-
-    if (!event_notifier_test_and_clear(&vector->interrupt)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_VFIO
-    MSIMessage msg;
-
-    if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSIX) {
-        msg = msix_get_message(&vdev->pdev, nr);
-    } else if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSI) {
-        msg = msi_get_message(&vdev->pdev, nr);
-    } else {
-        abort();
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_msi_interrupt(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                             vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                             nr, msg.address, msg.data);
-#endif
-
-    if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSIX) {
-        msix_notify(&vdev->pdev, nr);
-    } else if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSI) {
-        msi_notify(&vdev->pdev, nr);
-    } else {
-        error_report("vfio: MSI interrupt receieved, but not enabled?");
-    }
-}
-
-static int vfio_enable_vectors(VFIODevice *vdev, bool msix)
-{
-    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
-    int ret = 0, i, argsz;
-    int32_t *fds;
-
-    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + (vdev->nr_vectors * sizeof(*fds));
-
-    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
-    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
-    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
-    irq_set->index = msix ? VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX : VFIO_PCI_MSI_IRQ_INDEX;
-    irq_set->start = 0;
-    irq_set->count = vdev->nr_vectors;
-    fds = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
-        int fd = -1;
-
-        /*
-         * MSI vs MSI-X - The guest has direct access to MSI mask and pending
-         * bits, therefore we always use the KVM signaling path when setup.
-         * MSI-X mask and pending bits are emulated, so we want to use the
-         * KVM signaling path only when configured and unmasked.
-         */
-        if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].use) {
-            if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].virq < 0 ||
-                (msix && msix_is_masked(&vdev->pdev, i))) {
-                fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->msi_vectors[i].interrupt);
-            } else {
-                fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->msi_vectors[i].kvm_interrupt);
-            }
-        }
-
-        fds[i] = fd;
-    }
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
-
-    g_free(irq_set);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static void vfio_add_kvm_msi_virq(VFIOMSIVector *vector, MSIMessage *msg,
-                                  bool msix)
-{
-    int virq;
-
-    if ((msix && !VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSIX) ||
-        (!msix && !VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSI) || !msg) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (event_notifier_init(&vector->kvm_interrupt, 0)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    virq = kvm_irqchip_add_msi_route(kvm_state, *msg);
-    if (virq < 0) {
-        event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (kvm_irqchip_add_irqfd_notifier(kvm_state, &vector->kvm_interrupt,
-                                       NULL, virq) < 0) {
-        kvm_irqchip_release_virq(kvm_state, virq);
-        event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    vector->virq = virq;
-}
-
-static void vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(VFIOMSIVector *vector)
-{
-    kvm_irqchip_remove_irqfd_notifier(kvm_state, &vector->kvm_interrupt,
-                                      vector->virq);
-    kvm_irqchip_release_virq(kvm_state, vector->virq);
-    vector->virq = -1;
-    event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
-}
-
-static void vfio_update_kvm_msi_virq(VFIOMSIVector *vector, MSIMessage msg)
-{
-    kvm_irqchip_update_msi_route(kvm_state, vector->virq, msg);
-}
-
-static int vfio_msix_vector_do_use(PCIDevice *pdev, unsigned int nr,
-                                   MSIMessage *msg, IOHandler *handler)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-    VFIOMSIVector *vector;
-    int ret;
-
-    trace_vfio_msix_vector_do_use(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                                  nr);
-
-    vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[nr];
-
-    if (!vector->use) {
-        vector->vdev = vdev;
-        vector->virq = -1;
-        if (event_notifier_init(&vector->interrupt, 0)) {
-            error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed");
-        }
-        vector->use = true;
-        msix_vector_use(pdev, nr);
-    }
-
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
-                        handler, NULL, vector);
-
-    /*
-     * Attempt to enable route through KVM irqchip,
-     * default to userspace handling if unavailable.
-     */
-    if (vector->virq >= 0) {
-        if (!msg) {
-            vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(vector);
-        } else {
-            vfio_update_kvm_msi_virq(vector, *msg);
-        }
-    } else {
-        vfio_add_kvm_msi_virq(vector, msg, true);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * We don't want to have the host allocate all possible MSI vectors
-     * for a device if they're not in use, so we shutdown and incrementally
-     * increase them as needed.
-     */
-    if (vdev->nr_vectors < nr + 1) {
-        vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX);
-        vdev->nr_vectors = nr + 1;
-        ret = vfio_enable_vectors(vdev, true);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to enable vectors, %d", ret);
-        }
-    } else {
-        int argsz;
-        struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
-        int32_t *pfd;
-
-        argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
-
-        irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
-        irq_set->argsz = argsz;
-        irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
-                         VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
-        irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX;
-        irq_set->start = nr;
-        irq_set->count = 1;
-        pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
-
-        if (vector->virq >= 0) {
-            *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
-        } else {
-            *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt);
-        }
-
-        ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
-        g_free(irq_set);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to modify vector, %d", ret);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int vfio_msix_vector_use(PCIDevice *pdev,
-                                unsigned int nr, MSIMessage msg)
-{
-    return vfio_msix_vector_do_use(pdev, nr, &msg, vfio_msi_interrupt);
-}
-
-static void vfio_msix_vector_release(PCIDevice *pdev, unsigned int nr)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-    VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[nr];
-
-    trace_vfio_msix_vector_release(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                   vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                                   nr);
-
-    /*
-     * There are still old guests that mask and unmask vectors on every
-     * interrupt.  If we're using QEMU bypass with a KVM irqfd, leave all of
-     * the KVM setup in place, simply switch VFIO to use the non-bypass
-     * eventfd.  We'll then fire the interrupt through QEMU and the MSI-X
-     * core will mask the interrupt and set pending bits, allowing it to
-     * be re-asserted on unmask.  Nothing to do if already using QEMU mode.
-     */
-    if (vector->virq >= 0) {
-        int argsz;
-        struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
-        int32_t *pfd;
-
-        argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
-
-        irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
-        irq_set->argsz = argsz;
-        irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
-                         VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
-        irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX;
-        irq_set->start = nr;
-        irq_set->count = 1;
-        pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
-
-        *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt);
-
-        ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
-
-        g_free(irq_set);
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_enable_msix(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
-
-    vdev->msi_vectors = g_malloc0(vdev->msix->entries * sizeof(VFIOMSIVector));
-
-    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_MSIX;
-
-    /*
-     * Some communication channels between VF & PF or PF & fw rely on the
-     * physical state of the device and expect that enabling MSI-X from the
-     * guest enables the same on the host.  When our guest is Linux, the
-     * guest driver call to pci_enable_msix() sets the enabling bit in the
-     * MSI-X capability, but leaves the vector table masked.  We therefore
-     * can't rely on a vector_use callback (from request_irq() in the guest)
-     * to switch the physical device into MSI-X mode because that may come a
-     * long time after pci_enable_msix().  This code enables vector 0 with
-     * triggering to userspace, then immediately release the vector, leaving
-     * the physical device with no vectors enabled, but MSI-X enabled, just
-     * like the guest view.
-     */
-    vfio_msix_vector_do_use(&vdev->pdev, 0, NULL, NULL);
-    vfio_msix_vector_release(&vdev->pdev, 0);
-
-    if (msix_set_vector_notifiers(&vdev->pdev, vfio_msix_vector_use,
-                                  vfio_msix_vector_release, NULL)) {
-        error_report("vfio: msix_set_vector_notifiers failed");
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_enable_msix(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                           vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-static void vfio_enable_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int ret, i;
-
-    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
-
-    vdev->nr_vectors = msi_nr_vectors_allocated(&vdev->pdev);
-retry:
-    vdev->msi_vectors = g_malloc0(vdev->nr_vectors * sizeof(VFIOMSIVector));
-
-    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
-        VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
-        MSIMessage msg = msi_get_message(&vdev->pdev, i);
-
-        vector->vdev = vdev;
-        vector->virq = -1;
-        vector->use = true;
-
-        if (event_notifier_init(&vector->interrupt, 0)) {
-            error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed");
-        }
-
-        qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
-                            vfio_msi_interrupt, NULL, vector);
-
-        /*
-         * Attempt to enable route through KVM irqchip,
-         * default to userspace handling if unavailable.
-         */
-        vfio_add_kvm_msi_virq(vector, &msg, false);
-    }
-
-    /* Set interrupt type prior to possible interrupts */
-    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_MSI;
-
-    ret = vfio_enable_vectors(vdev, false);
-    if (ret) {
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup MSI fds: %m");
-        } else if (ret != vdev->nr_vectors) {
-            error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to enable %d "
-                         "MSI vectors, retry with %d", vdev->nr_vectors, ret);
-        }
-
-        for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
-            VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
-            if (vector->virq >= 0) {
-                vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(vector);
-            }
-            qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
-                                NULL, NULL, NULL);
-            event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->interrupt);
-        }
-
-        g_free(vdev->msi_vectors);
-
-        if (ret > 0 && ret != vdev->nr_vectors) {
-            vdev->nr_vectors = ret;
-            goto retry;
-        }
-        vdev->nr_vectors = 0;
-
-        /*
-         * Failing to setup MSI doesn't really fall within any specification.
-         * Let's try leaving interrupts disabled and hope the guest figures
-         * out to fall back to INTx for this device.
-         */
-        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to enable MSI");
-        vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_NONE;
-
-        return;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_enable_msi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                          vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                          vdev->nr_vectors);
-}
-
-static void vfio_disable_msi_common(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
-        VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
-        if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].use) {
-            if (vector->virq >= 0) {
-                vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(vector);
-            }
-            qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
-                                NULL, NULL, NULL);
-            event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->interrupt);
-        }
-    }
-
-    g_free(vdev->msi_vectors);
-    vdev->msi_vectors = NULL;
-    vdev->nr_vectors = 0;
-    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_NONE;
-
-    vfio_enable_intx(vdev);
-}
-
-static void vfio_disable_msix(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    msix_unset_vector_notifiers(&vdev->pdev);
-
-    /*
-     * MSI-X will only release vectors if MSI-X is still enabled on the
-     * device, check through the rest and release it ourselves if necessary.
-     */
-    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
-        if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].use) {
-            vfio_msix_vector_release(&vdev->pdev, i);
-            msix_vector_unuse(&vdev->pdev, i);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (vdev->nr_vectors) {
-        vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX);
-    }
-
-    vfio_disable_msi_common(vdev);
-
-    trace_vfio_disable_msix(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-static void vfio_disable_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_MSI_IRQ_INDEX);
-    vfio_disable_msi_common(vdev);
-
-    trace_vfio_disable_msi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                           vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-static void vfio_update_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
-        VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
-        MSIMessage msg;
-
-        if (!vector->use || vector->virq < 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        msg = msi_get_message(&vdev->pdev, i);
-        vfio_update_kvm_msi_virq(vector, msg);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * IO Port/MMIO - Beware of the endians, VFIO is always little endian
- */
-static void vfio_bar_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                           uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOBAR *bar = opaque;
-    union {
-        uint8_t byte;
-        uint16_t word;
-        uint32_t dword;
-        uint64_t qword;
-    } buf;
-
-    switch (size) {
-    case 1:
-        buf.byte = data;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        buf.word = cpu_to_le16(data);
-        break;
-    case 4:
-        buf.dword = cpu_to_le32(data);
-        break;
-    default:
-        hw_error("vfio: unsupported write size, %d bytes", size);
-        break;
-    }
-
-    if (pwrite(bar->fd, &buf, size, bar->fd_offset + addr) != size) {
-        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", 0x%"PRIx64", %d) failed: %m",
-                     __func__, addr, data, size);
-    }
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_VFIO
-    {
-        VFIODevice *vdev = container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]);
-
-        trace_vfio_bar_write(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                             vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                             region->nr, addr, data, size);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    /*
-     * A read or write to a BAR always signals an INTx EOI.  This will
-     * do nothing if not pending (including not in INTx mode).  We assume
-     * that a BAR access is in response to an interrupt and that BAR
-     * accesses will service the interrupt.  Unfortunately, we don't know
-     * which access will service the interrupt, so we're potentially
-     * getting quite a few host interrupts per guest interrupt.
-     */
-    vfio_eoi(container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]));
-}
-
-static uint64_t vfio_bar_read(void *opaque,
-                              hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOBAR *bar = opaque;
-    union {
-        uint8_t byte;
-        uint16_t word;
-        uint32_t dword;
-        uint64_t qword;
-    } buf;
-    uint64_t data = 0;
-
-    if (pread(bar->fd, &buf, size, bar->fd_offset + addr) != size) {
-        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %d) failed: %m",
-                     __func__, addr, size);
-        return (uint64_t)-1;
-    }
-
-    switch (size) {
-    case 1:
-        data = buf.byte;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        data = le16_to_cpu(buf.word);
-        break;
-    case 4:
-        data = le32_to_cpu(buf.dword);
-        break;
-    default:
-        hw_error("vfio: unsupported read size, %d bytes", size);
-        break;
-    }
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_VFIO
-    {
-        VFIODevice *vdev = container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]);
-
-        trace_vfio_bar_read(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                            region->nr, addr, size, data);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    /* Same as write above */
-    vfio_eoi(container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]));
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_bar_ops = {
-    .read = vfio_bar_read,
-    .write = vfio_bar_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-static void vfio_pci_load_rom(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    struct vfio_region_info reg_info = {
-        .argsz = sizeof(reg_info),
-        .index = VFIO_PCI_ROM_REGION_INDEX
-    };
-    uint64_t size;
-    off_t off = 0;
-    size_t bytes;
-
-    if (ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &reg_info)) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error getting ROM info: %m");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_load_rom(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                            (unsigned long)reg_info.size,
-                            (unsigned long)reg_info.offset,
-                            (unsigned long)reg_info.flags);
-
-    vdev->rom_size = size = reg_info.size;
-    vdev->rom_offset = reg_info.offset;
-
-    if (!vdev->rom_size) {
-        vdev->rom_read_failed = true;
-        error_report("vfio-pci: Cannot read device rom at "
-                    "%04x:%02x:%02x.%x",
-                    vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-                    vdev->host.function);
-        error_printf("Device option ROM contents are probably invalid "
-                    "(check dmesg).\nSkip option ROM probe with rombar=0, "
-                    "or load from file with romfile=\n");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    vdev->rom = g_malloc(size);
-    memset(vdev->rom, 0xff, size);
-
-    while (size) {
-        bytes = pread(vdev->fd, vdev->rom + off, size, vdev->rom_offset + off);
-        if (bytes == 0) {
-            break;
-        } else if (bytes > 0) {
-            off += bytes;
-            size -= bytes;
-        } else {
-            if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            error_report("vfio: Error reading device ROM: %m");
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static uint64_t vfio_rom_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
-    union {
-        uint8_t byte;
-        uint16_t word;
-        uint32_t dword;
-        uint64_t qword;
-    } val;
-    uint64_t data = 0;
-
-    /* Load the ROM lazily when the guest tries to read it */
-    if (unlikely(!vdev->rom && !vdev->rom_read_failed)) {
-        vfio_pci_load_rom(vdev);
-    }
-
-    memcpy(&val, vdev->rom + addr,
-           (addr < vdev->rom_size) ? MIN(size, vdev->rom_size - addr) : 0);
-
-    switch (size) {
-    case 1:
-        data = val.byte;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        data = le16_to_cpu(val.word);
-        break;
-    case 4:
-        data = le32_to_cpu(val.dword);
-        break;
-    default:
-        hw_error("vfio: unsupported read size, %d bytes\n", size);
-        break;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_rom_read(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                        vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                        addr, size, data);
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-static void vfio_rom_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                           uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_rom_ops = {
-    .read = vfio_rom_read,
-    .write = vfio_rom_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-static bool vfio_blacklist_opt_rom(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    uint16_t vendor_id, device_id;
-    int count = 0;
-
-    vendor_id = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID);
-    device_id = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_DEVICE_ID);
-
-    while (count < ARRAY_SIZE(romblacklist)) {
-        if (romblacklist[count].vendor_id == vendor_id &&
-            romblacklist[count].device_id == device_id) {
-                return true;
-        }
-        count++;
-    }
-
-    return false;
-}
-
-static void vfio_pci_size_rom(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    uint32_t orig, size = cpu_to_le32((uint32_t)PCI_ROM_ADDRESS_MASK);
-    off_t offset = vdev->config_offset + PCI_ROM_ADDRESS;
-    DeviceState *dev = DEVICE(vdev);
-    char name[32];
-
-    if (vdev->pdev.romfile || !vdev->pdev.rom_bar) {
-        /* Since pci handles romfile, just print a message and return */
-        if (vfio_blacklist_opt_rom(vdev) && vdev->pdev.romfile) {
-            error_printf("Warning : Device at %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
-                         "is known to cause system instability issues during "
-                         "option rom execution. "
-                         "Proceeding anyway since user specified romfile\n",
-                         vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-                         vdev->host.function);
-        }
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Use the same size ROM BAR as the physical device.  The contents
-     * will get filled in later when the guest tries to read it.
-     */
-    if (pread(vdev->fd, &orig, 4, offset) != 4 ||
-        pwrite(vdev->fd, &size, 4, offset) != 4 ||
-        pread(vdev->fd, &size, 4, offset) != 4 ||
-        pwrite(vdev->fd, &orig, 4, offset) != 4) {
-        error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x) failed: %m",
-                     __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                     vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    size = ~(le32_to_cpu(size) & PCI_ROM_ADDRESS_MASK) + 1;
-
-    if (!size) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (vfio_blacklist_opt_rom(vdev)) {
-        if (dev->opts && qemu_opt_get(dev->opts, "rombar")) {
-            error_printf("Warning : Device at %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
-                         "is known to cause system instability issues during "
-                         "option rom execution. "
-                         "Proceeding anyway since user specified non zero value for "
-                         "rombar\n",
-                         vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-                         vdev->host.function);
-        } else {
-            error_printf("Warning : Rom loading for device at "
-                         "%04x:%02x:%02x.%x has been disabled due to "
-                         "system instability issues. "
-                         "Specify rombar=1 or romfile to force\n",
-                         vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-                         vdev->host.function);
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_size_rom(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                            size);
-
-    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "vfio[%04x:%02x:%02x.%x].rom",
-             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-             vdev->host.function);
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&vdev->pdev.rom, OBJECT(vdev),
-                          &vfio_rom_ops, vdev, name, size);
-
-    pci_register_bar(&vdev->pdev, PCI_ROM_SLOT,
-                     PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_MEMORY, &vdev->pdev.rom);
-
-    vdev->pdev.has_rom = true;
-    vdev->rom_read_failed = false;
-}
-
-static void vfio_vga_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                           uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOVGARegion *region = opaque;
-    VFIOVGA *vga = container_of(region, VFIOVGA, region[region->nr]);
-    union {
-        uint8_t byte;
-        uint16_t word;
-        uint32_t dword;
-        uint64_t qword;
-    } buf;
-    off_t offset = vga->fd_offset + region->offset + addr;
-
-    switch (size) {
-    case 1:
-        buf.byte = data;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        buf.word = cpu_to_le16(data);
-        break;
-    case 4:
-        buf.dword = cpu_to_le32(data);
-        break;
-    default:
-        hw_error("vfio: unsupported write size, %d bytes", size);
-        break;
-    }
-
-    if (pwrite(vga->fd, &buf, size, offset) != size) {
-        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", 0x%"PRIx64", %d) failed: %m",
-                     __func__, region->offset + addr, data, size);
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_vga_write(region->offset + addr, data, size);
-}
-
-static uint64_t vfio_vga_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOVGARegion *region = opaque;
-    VFIOVGA *vga = container_of(region, VFIOVGA, region[region->nr]);
-    union {
-        uint8_t byte;
-        uint16_t word;
-        uint32_t dword;
-        uint64_t qword;
-    } buf;
-    uint64_t data = 0;
-    off_t offset = vga->fd_offset + region->offset + addr;
-
-    if (pread(vga->fd, &buf, size, offset) != size) {
-        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %d) failed: %m",
-                     __func__, region->offset + addr, size);
-        return (uint64_t)-1;
-    }
-
-    switch (size) {
-    case 1:
-        data = buf.byte;
-        break;
-    case 2:
-        data = le16_to_cpu(buf.word);
-        break;
-    case 4:
-        data = le32_to_cpu(buf.dword);
-        break;
-    default:
-        hw_error("vfio: unsupported read size, %d bytes", size);
-        break;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_vga_read(region->offset + addr, size, data);
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_vga_ops = {
-    .read = vfio_vga_read,
-    .write = vfio_vga_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-/*
- * Device specific quirks
- */
-
-/* Is range1 fully contained within range2?  */
-static bool vfio_range_contained(uint64_t first1, uint64_t len1,
-                                 uint64_t first2, uint64_t len2) {
-    return (first1 >= first2 && first1 + len1 <= first2 + len2);
-}
-
-static bool vfio_flags_enabled(uint8_t flags, uint8_t mask)
-{
-    return (mask && (flags & mask) == mask);
-}
-
-static uint64_t vfio_generic_window_quirk_read(void *opaque,
-                                               hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-    uint64_t data;
-
-    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.read_flags) &&
-        ranges_overlap(addr, size,
-                       quirk->data.data_offset, quirk->data.data_size)) {
-        hwaddr offset = addr - quirk->data.data_offset;
-
-        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, quirk->data.data_offset,
-                                  quirk->data.data_size)) {
-            hw_error("%s: window data read not fully contained: %s",
-                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
-        }
-
-        data = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev,
-                                    quirk->data.address_val + offset, size);
-
-        trace_vfio_generic_window_quirk_read(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                                             vdev->host.domain,
-                                             vdev->host.bus,
-                                             vdev->host.slot,
-                                             vdev->host.function,
-                                             quirk->data.bar,
-                                             addr, size, data);
-    } else {
-        data = vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar],
-                             addr + quirk->data.base_offset, size);
-    }
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-static void vfio_generic_window_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                                            uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-
-    if (ranges_overlap(addr, size,
-                       quirk->data.address_offset, quirk->data.address_size)) {
-
-        if (addr != quirk->data.address_offset) {
-            hw_error("%s: offset write into address window: %s",
-                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
-        }
-
-        if ((data & ~quirk->data.address_mask) == quirk->data.address_match) {
-            quirk->data.flags |= quirk->data.write_flags |
-                                 quirk->data.read_flags;
-            quirk->data.address_val = data & quirk->data.address_mask;
-        } else {
-            quirk->data.flags &= ~(quirk->data.write_flags |
-                                   quirk->data.read_flags);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.write_flags) &&
-        ranges_overlap(addr, size,
-                       quirk->data.data_offset, quirk->data.data_size)) {
-        hwaddr offset = addr - quirk->data.data_offset;
-
-        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, quirk->data.data_offset,
-                                  quirk->data.data_size)) {
-            hw_error("%s: window data write not fully contained: %s",
-                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
-        }
-
-        vfio_pci_write_config(&vdev->pdev,
-                              quirk->data.address_val + offset, data, size);
-
-        trace_vfio_generic_window_quirk_write(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                                             vdev->host.domain,
-                                             vdev->host.bus,
-                                             vdev->host.slot,
-                                             vdev->host.function,
-                                             quirk->data.bar,
-                                             addr, data, size);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar],
-                   addr + quirk->data.base_offset, data, size);
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_generic_window_quirk = {
-    .read = vfio_generic_window_quirk_read,
-    .write = vfio_generic_window_quirk_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-static uint64_t vfio_generic_quirk_read(void *opaque,
-                                        hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-    hwaddr base = quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-    hwaddr offset = quirk->data.address_match & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-    uint64_t data;
-
-    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.read_flags) &&
-        ranges_overlap(addr, size, offset, quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
-        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, offset,
-                                  quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
-            hw_error("%s: read not fully contained: %s",
-                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
-        }
-
-        data = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev, addr - offset, size);
-
-        trace_vfio_generic_quirk_read(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                                      vdev->host.domain,
-                                      vdev->host.bus,
-                                      vdev->host.slot,
-                                      vdev->host.function,
-                                      quirk->data.bar,
-                                      addr + base, size, data);
-    } else {
-        data = vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + base, size);
-    }
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-static void vfio_generic_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                                     uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-    hwaddr base = quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-    hwaddr offset = quirk->data.address_match & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-
-    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.write_flags) &&
-        ranges_overlap(addr, size, offset, quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
-        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, offset,
-                                  quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
-            hw_error("%s: write not fully contained: %s",
-                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
-        }
-
-        vfio_pci_write_config(&vdev->pdev, addr - offset, data, size);
-
-        trace_vfio_generic_quirk_write(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                                       vdev->host.domain,
-                                       vdev->host.bus,
-                                       vdev->host.slot,
-                                       vdev->host.function,
-                                       quirk->data.bar,
-                                       addr + base, data, size);
-    } else {
-        vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + base, data, size);
-    }
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_generic_quirk = {
-    .read = vfio_generic_quirk_read,
-    .write = vfio_generic_quirk_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-#define PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI               0x1002
-
-/*
- * Radeon HD cards (HD5450 & HD7850) report the upper byte of the I/O port BAR
- * through VGA register 0x3c3.  On newer cards, the I/O port BAR is always
- * BAR4 (older cards like the X550 used BAR1, but we don't care to support
- * those).  Note that on bare metal, a read of 0x3c3 doesn't always return the
- * I/O port BAR address.  Originally this was coded to return the virtual BAR
- * address only if the physical register read returns the actual BAR address,
- * but users have reported greater success if we return the virtual address
- * unconditionally.
- */
-static uint64_t vfio_ati_3c3_quirk_read(void *opaque,
-                                        hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-    uint64_t data = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev,
-                                         PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_0 + (4 * 4) + 1,
-                                         size);
-    trace_vfio_ati_3c3_quirk_read(data);
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_ati_3c3_quirk = {
-    .read = vfio_ati_3c3_quirk_read,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-static void vfio_vga_probe_ati_3c3_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-
-    if (pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * As long as the BAR is >= 256 bytes it will be aligned such that the
-     * lower byte is always zero.  Filter out anything else, if it exists.
-     */
-    if (!vdev->bars[4].ioport || vdev->bars[4].size < 256) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_ati_3c3_quirk, quirk,
-                          "vfio-ati-3c3-quirk", 1);
-    memory_region_add_subregion(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem,
-                                3 /* offset 3 bytes from 0x3c0 */, &quirk->mem);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].quirks,
-                      quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_vga_probe_ati_3c3_quirk(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                       vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-/*
- * Newer ATI/AMD devices, including HD5450 and HD7850, have a window to PCI
- * config space through MMIO BAR2 at offset 0x4000.  Nothing seems to access
- * the MMIO space directly, but a window to this space is provided through
- * I/O port BAR4.  Offset 0x0 is the address register and offset 0x4 is the
- * data register.  When the address is programmed to a range of 0x4000-0x4fff
- * PCI configuration space is available.  Experimentation seems to indicate
- * that only read-only access is provided, but we drop writes when the window
- * is enabled to config space nonetheless.
- */
-static void vfio_probe_ati_bar4_window_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-
-    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 4 ||
-        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-    quirk->data.address_size = 4;
-    quirk->data.data_offset = 4;
-    quirk->data.data_size = 4;
-    quirk->data.address_match = 0x4000;
-    quirk->data.address_mask = PCIE_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
-    quirk->data.bar = nr;
-    quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev),
-                          &vfio_generic_window_quirk, quirk,
-                          "vfio-ati-bar4-window-quirk", 8);
-    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
-                          quirk->data.base_offset, &quirk->mem, 1);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_probe_ati_bar4_window_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
-                                           vdev->host.bus,
-                                           vdev->host.slot,
-                                           vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-#define PCI_VENDOR_ID_REALTEK 0x10ec
-
-/*
- * RTL8168 devices have a backdoor that can access the MSI-X table.  At BAR2
- * offset 0x70 there is a dword data register, offset 0x74 is a dword address
- * register.  According to the Linux r8169 driver, the MSI-X table is addressed
- * when the "type" portion of the address register is set to 0x1.  This appears
- * to be bits 16:30.  Bit 31 is both a write indicator and some sort of
- * "address latched" indicator.  Bits 12:15 are a mask field, which we can
- * ignore because the MSI-X table should always be accessed as a dword (full
- * mask).  Bits 0:11 is offset within the type.
- *
- * Example trace:
- *
- * Read from MSI-X table offset 0
- * vfio: vfio_bar_write(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 0x1f000, 4) // store read addr
- * vfio: vfio_bar_read(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 4) = 0x8001f000 // latch
- * vfio: vfio_bar_read(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x70, 4) = 0xfee00398 // read data
- *
- * Write 0xfee00000 to MSI-X table offset 0
- * vfio: vfio_bar_write(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x70, 0xfee00000, 4) // write data
- * vfio: vfio_bar_write(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 0x8001f000, 4) // do write
- * vfio: vfio_bar_read(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 4) = 0x1f000 // complete
- */
-
-static uint64_t vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read(void *opaque,
-                                               hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-
-    switch (addr) {
-    case 4: /* address */
-        if (quirk->data.flags) {
-            trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read_fake(
-                    memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                    vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                    vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-            return quirk->data.address_match ^ 0x10000000U;
-        }
-        break;
-    case 0: /* data */
-        if (quirk->data.flags) {
-            uint64_t val;
-
-            trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read_table(
-                    memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                    vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                    vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function
-               );
-
-            if (!(vdev->pdev.cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX)) {
-                return 0;
-            }
-
-            io_mem_read(&vdev->pdev.msix_table_mmio,
-                        (hwaddr)(quirk->data.address_match & 0xfff),
-                        &val, size);
-            return val;
-        }
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read_direct(
-                        memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                        vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                        vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-    return vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + 0x70, size);
-}
-
-static void vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                                            uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-
-    switch (addr) {
-    case 4: /* address */
-        if ((data & 0x7fff0000) == 0x10000) {
-            if (data & 0x10000000U &&
-                vdev->pdev.cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX) {
-
-                trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write_table(
-                        memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-                        vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                        vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-                io_mem_write(&vdev->pdev.msix_table_mmio,
-                             (hwaddr)(quirk->data.address_match & 0xfff),
-                             data, size);
-            }
-
-            quirk->data.flags = 1;
-            quirk->data.address_match = data;
-
-            return;
-        }
-        quirk->data.flags = 0;
-        break;
-    case 0: /* data */
-        quirk->data.address_mask = data;
-        break;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write_direct(
-            memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
-            vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-    vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + 0x70, data, size);
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk = {
-    .read = vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read,
-    .write = vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write,
-    .valid = {
-        .min_access_size = 4,
-        .max_access_size = 4,
-        .unaligned = false,
-    },
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-static void vfio_probe_rtl8168_bar2_window_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-
-    if (pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_REALTEK ||
-        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_DEVICE_ID) != 0x8168 || nr != 2) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-    quirk->data.bar = nr;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk,
-                          quirk, "vfio-rtl8168-window-quirk", 8);
-    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
-                                        0x70, &quirk->mem, 1);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_probe_rtl8168_bar2_window_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
-                                               vdev->host.bus,
-                                               vdev->host.slot,
-                                               vdev->host.function);
-}
-/*
- * Trap the BAR2 MMIO window to config space as well.
- */
-static void vfio_probe_ati_bar2_4000_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-
-    /* Only enable on newer devices where BAR2 is 64bit */
-    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 2 || !vdev->bars[2].mem64 ||
-        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-    quirk->data.flags = quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
-    quirk->data.address_match = 0x4000;
-    quirk->data.address_mask = PCIE_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
-    quirk->data.bar = nr;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_generic_quirk, quirk,
-                          "vfio-ati-bar2-4000-quirk",
-                          TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(quirk->data.address_mask + 1));
-    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
-                          quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
-                          &quirk->mem, 1);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_probe_ati_bar2_4000_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
-                                         vdev->host.bus,
-                                         vdev->host.slot,
-                                         vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-/*
- * Older ATI/AMD cards like the X550 have a similar window to that above.
- * I/O port BAR1 provides a window to a mirror of PCI config space located
- * in BAR2 at offset 0xf00.  We don't care to support such older cards, but
- * note it for future reference.
- */
-
-#define PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA                    0x10de
-
-/*
- * Nvidia has several different methods to get to config space, the
- * nouveu project has several of these documented here:
- * https://github.com/pathscale/envytools/tree/master/hwdocs
- *
- * The first quirk is actually not documented in envytools and is found
- * on 10de:01d1 (NVIDIA Corporation G72 [GeForce 7300 LE]).  This is an
- * NV46 chipset.  The backdoor uses the legacy VGA I/O ports to access
- * the mirror of PCI config space found at BAR0 offset 0x1800.  The access
- * sequence first writes 0x338 to I/O port 0x3d4.  The target offset is
- * then written to 0x3d0.  Finally 0x538 is written for a read and 0x738
- * is written for a write to 0x3d4.  The BAR0 offset is then accessible
- * through 0x3d0.  This quirk doesn't seem to be necessary on newer cards
- * that use the I/O port BAR5 window but it doesn't hurt to leave it.
- */
-enum {
-    NV_3D0_NONE = 0,
-    NV_3D0_SELECT,
-    NV_3D0_WINDOW,
-    NV_3D0_READ,
-    NV_3D0_WRITE,
-};
-
-static uint64_t vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_read(void *opaque,
-                                           hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    uint64_t data = vfio_vga_read(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI],
-                                  addr + quirk->data.base_offset, size);
-
-    if (quirk->data.flags == NV_3D0_READ && addr == quirk->data.data_offset) {
-        data = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, quirk->data.address_val, size);
-        trace_vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_read(size, data);
-    }
-
-    quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-static void vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                                        uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-
-    switch (quirk->data.flags) {
-    case NV_3D0_NONE:
-        if (addr == quirk->data.address_offset && data == 0x338) {
-            quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_SELECT;
-        }
-        break;
-    case NV_3D0_SELECT:
-        quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
-        if (addr == quirk->data.data_offset &&
-            (data & ~quirk->data.address_mask) == quirk->data.address_match) {
-            quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_WINDOW;
-            quirk->data.address_val = data & quirk->data.address_mask;
-        }
-        break;
-    case NV_3D0_WINDOW:
-        quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
-        if (addr == quirk->data.address_offset) {
-            if (data == 0x538) {
-                quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_READ;
-            } else if (data == 0x738) {
-                quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_WRITE;
-            }
-        }
-        break;
-    case NV_3D0_WRITE:
-        quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
-        if (addr == quirk->data.data_offset) {
-            vfio_pci_write_config(pdev, quirk->data.address_val, data, size);
-            trace_vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_write(data, size);
-            return;
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-
-    vfio_vga_write(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI],
-                   addr + quirk->data.base_offset, data, size);
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk = {
-    .read = vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_read,
-    .write = vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-static void vfio_vga_probe_nvidia_3d0_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-
-    if (pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA ||
-        !vdev->bars[1].size) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-    quirk->data.base_offset = 0x10;
-    quirk->data.address_offset = 4;
-    quirk->data.address_size = 2;
-    quirk->data.address_match = 0x1800;
-    quirk->data.address_mask = PCI_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
-    quirk->data.data_offset = 0;
-    quirk->data.data_size = 4;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk,
-                          quirk, "vfio-nvidia-3d0-quirk", 6);
-    memory_region_add_subregion(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem,
-                                quirk->data.base_offset, &quirk->mem);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].quirks,
-                      quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_vga_probe_nvidia_3d0_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
-                                          vdev->host.bus,
-                                          vdev->host.slot,
-                                          vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-/*
- * The second quirk is documented in envytools.  The I/O port BAR5 is just
- * a set of address/data ports to the MMIO BARs.  The BAR we care about is
- * again BAR0.  This backdoor is apparently a bit newer than the one above
- * so we need to not only trap 256 bytes @0x1800, but all of PCI config
- * space, including extended space is available at the 4k @0x88000.
- */
-enum {
-    NV_BAR5_ADDRESS = 0x1,
-    NV_BAR5_ENABLE = 0x2,
-    NV_BAR5_MASTER = 0x4,
-    NV_BAR5_VALID = 0x7,
-};
-
-static void vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                                                uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-
-    switch (addr) {
-    case 0x0:
-        if (data & 0x1) {
-            quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_MASTER;
-        } else {
-            quirk->data.flags &= ~NV_BAR5_MASTER;
-        }
-        break;
-    case 0x4:
-        if (data & 0x1) {
-            quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_ENABLE;
-        } else {
-            quirk->data.flags &= ~NV_BAR5_ENABLE;
-        }
-        break;
-    case 0x8:
-        if (quirk->data.flags & NV_BAR5_MASTER) {
-            if ((data & ~0xfff) == 0x88000) {
-                quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_ADDRESS;
-                quirk->data.address_val = data & 0xfff;
-            } else if ((data & ~0xff) == 0x1800) {
-                quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_ADDRESS;
-                quirk->data.address_val = data & 0xff;
-            } else {
-                quirk->data.flags &= ~NV_BAR5_ADDRESS;
-            }
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-
-    vfio_generic_window_quirk_write(opaque, addr, data, size);
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk = {
-    .read = vfio_generic_window_quirk_read,
-    .write = vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk_write,
-    .valid.min_access_size = 4,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-static void vfio_probe_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-
-    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 5 ||
-        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-    quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = NV_BAR5_VALID;
-    quirk->data.address_offset = 0x8;
-    quirk->data.address_size = 0; /* actually 4, but avoids generic code */
-    quirk->data.data_offset = 0xc;
-    quirk->data.data_size = 4;
-    quirk->data.bar = nr;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev),
-                          &vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk, quirk,
-                          "vfio-nvidia-bar5-window-quirk", 16);
-    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem, 0, &quirk->mem, 1);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
-                                              vdev->host.bus,
-                                              vdev->host.slot,
-                                              vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-static void vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                                          uint64_t data, unsigned size)
-{
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
-    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    hwaddr base = quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-
-    vfio_generic_quirk_write(opaque, addr, data, size);
-
-    /*
-     * Nvidia seems to acknowledge MSI interrupts by writing 0xff to the
-     * MSI capability ID register.  Both the ID and next register are
-     * read-only, so we allow writes covering either of those to real hw.
-     * NB - only fixed for the 0x88000 MMIO window.
-     */
-    if ((pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSI) &&
-        vfio_range_contained(addr, size, pdev->msi_cap, PCI_MSI_FLAGS)) {
-        vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + base, data, size);
-    }
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk = {
-    .read = vfio_generic_quirk_read,
-    .write = vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-};
-
-/*
- * Finally, BAR0 itself.  We want to redirect any accesses to either
- * 0x1800 or 0x88000 through the PCI config space access functions.
- *
- * NB - quirk at a page granularity or else they don't seem to work when
- *      BARs are mmap'd
- *
- * Here's offset 0x88000...
- */
-static void vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_88000_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-    uint16_t vendor, class;
-
-    vendor = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID);
-    class = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_CLASS_DEVICE);
-
-    if (nr != 0 || vendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA ||
-        class != PCI_CLASS_DISPLAY_VGA) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-    quirk->data.flags = quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
-    quirk->data.address_match = 0x88000;
-    quirk->data.address_mask = PCIE_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
-    quirk->data.bar = nr;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk,
-                          quirk, "vfio-nvidia-bar0-88000-quirk",
-                          TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(quirk->data.address_mask + 1));
-    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
-                          quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
-                          &quirk->mem, 1);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_88000_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
-                                             vdev->host.bus,
-                                             vdev->host.slot,
-                                             vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-/*
- * And here's the same for BAR0 offset 0x1800...
- */
-static void vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
-
-    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 0 ||
-        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* Log the chipset ID */
-    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk_id(
-            (unsigned int)(vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[0], 0, 4) >> 20) & 0xff);
-
-    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
-    quirk->vdev = vdev;
-    quirk->data.flags = quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
-    quirk->data.address_match = 0x1800;
-    quirk->data.address_mask = PCI_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
-    quirk->data.bar = nr;
-
-    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_generic_quirk, quirk,
-                          "vfio-nvidia-bar0-1800-quirk",
-                          TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(quirk->data.address_mask + 1));
-    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
-                          quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
-                          &quirk->mem, 1);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
-
-    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
-                                            vdev->host.bus,
-                                            vdev->host.slot,
-                                            vdev->host.function);
-}
-
-/*
- * TODO - Some Nvidia devices provide config access to their companion HDA
- * device and even to their parent bridge via these config space mirrors.
- * Add quirks for those regions.
- */
-
-/*
- * Common quirk probe entry points.
- */
-static void vfio_vga_quirk_setup(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    vfio_vga_probe_ati_3c3_quirk(vdev);
-    vfio_vga_probe_nvidia_3d0_quirk(vdev);
-}
-
-static void vfio_vga_quirk_teardown(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(vdev->vga.region); i++) {
-        while (!QLIST_EMPTY(&vdev->vga.region[i].quirks)) {
-            VFIOQuirk *quirk = QLIST_FIRST(&vdev->vga.region[i].quirks);
-            memory_region_del_subregion(&vdev->vga.region[i].mem, &quirk->mem);
-            object_unparent(OBJECT(&quirk->mem));
-            QLIST_REMOVE(quirk, next);
-            g_free(quirk);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_bar_quirk_setup(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    vfio_probe_ati_bar4_window_quirk(vdev, nr);
-    vfio_probe_ati_bar2_4000_quirk(vdev, nr);
-    vfio_probe_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk(vdev, nr);
-    vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_88000_quirk(vdev, nr);
-    vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk(vdev, nr);
-    vfio_probe_rtl8168_bar2_window_quirk(vdev, nr);
-}
-
-static void vfio_bar_quirk_teardown(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[nr];
-
-    while (!QLIST_EMPTY(&bar->quirks)) {
-        VFIOQuirk *quirk = QLIST_FIRST(&bar->quirks);
-        memory_region_del_subregion(&bar->mem, &quirk->mem);
-        object_unparent(OBJECT(&quirk->mem));
-        QLIST_REMOVE(quirk, next);
-        g_free(quirk);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * PCI config space
- */
-static uint32_t vfio_pci_read_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr, int len)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-    uint32_t emu_bits = 0, emu_val = 0, phys_val = 0, val;
-
-    memcpy(&emu_bits, vdev->emulated_config_bits + addr, len);
-    emu_bits = le32_to_cpu(emu_bits);
-
-    if (emu_bits) {
-        emu_val = pci_default_read_config(pdev, addr, len);
-    }
-
-    if (~emu_bits & (0xffffffffU >> (32 - len * 8))) {
-        ssize_t ret;
-
-        ret = pread(vdev->fd, &phys_val, len, vdev->config_offset + addr);
-        if (ret != len) {
-            error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x, 0x%x, 0x%x) failed: %m",
-                         __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                         vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, addr, len);
-            return -errno;
-        }
-        phys_val = le32_to_cpu(phys_val);
-    }
-
-    val = (emu_val & emu_bits) | (phys_val & ~emu_bits);
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_read_config(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                               vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                               addr, len, val);
-
-    return val;
-}
-
-static void vfio_pci_write_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr,
-                                  uint32_t val, int len)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-    uint32_t val_le = cpu_to_le32(val);
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_write_config(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                                addr, val, len);
-
-    /* Write everything to VFIO, let it filter out what we can't write */
-    if (pwrite(vdev->fd, &val_le, len, vdev->config_offset + addr) != len) {
-        error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x, 0x%x, 0x%x, 0x%x) failed: %m",
-                     __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                     vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, addr, val, len);
-    }
-
-    /* MSI/MSI-X Enabling/Disabling */
-    if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSI &&
-        ranges_overlap(addr, len, pdev->msi_cap, vdev->msi_cap_size)) {
-        int is_enabled, was_enabled = msi_enabled(pdev);
-
-        pci_default_write_config(pdev, addr, val, len);
-
-        is_enabled = msi_enabled(pdev);
-
-        if (!was_enabled) {
-            if (is_enabled) {
-                vfio_enable_msi(vdev);
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (!is_enabled) {
-                vfio_disable_msi(vdev);
-            } else {
-                vfio_update_msi(vdev);
-            }
-        }
-    } else if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX &&
-        ranges_overlap(addr, len, pdev->msix_cap, MSIX_CAP_LENGTH)) {
-        int is_enabled, was_enabled = msix_enabled(pdev);
-
-        pci_default_write_config(pdev, addr, val, len);
-
-        is_enabled = msix_enabled(pdev);
-
-        if (!was_enabled && is_enabled) {
-            vfio_enable_msix(vdev);
-        } else if (was_enabled && !is_enabled) {
-            vfio_disable_msix(vdev);
-        }
-    } else {
-        /* Write everything to QEMU to keep emulated bits correct */
-        pci_default_write_config(pdev, addr, val, len);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * DMA - Mapping and unmapping for the "type1" IOMMU interface used on x86
- */
-static int vfio_dma_unmap(VFIOContainer *container,
-                          hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size)
-{
-    struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_unmap unmap = {
-        .argsz = sizeof(unmap),
-        .flags = 0,
-        .iova = iova,
-        .size = size,
-    };
-
-    if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_UNMAP_DMA, &unmap)) {
-        error_report("VFIO_UNMAP_DMA: %d\n", -errno);
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int vfio_dma_map(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr iova,
-                        ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly)
-{
-    struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_map map = {
-        .argsz = sizeof(map),
-        .flags = VFIO_DMA_MAP_FLAG_READ,
-        .vaddr = (__u64)(uintptr_t)vaddr,
-        .iova = iova,
-        .size = size,
-    };
-
-    if (!readonly) {
-        map.flags |= VFIO_DMA_MAP_FLAG_WRITE;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Try the mapping, if it fails with EBUSY, unmap the region and try
-     * again.  This shouldn't be necessary, but we sometimes see it in
-     * the the VGA ROM space.
-     */
-    if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0 ||
-        (errno == EBUSY && vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, size) == 0 &&
-         ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    error_report("VFIO_MAP_DMA: %d\n", -errno);
-    return -errno;
-}
-
-static bool vfio_listener_skipped_section(MemoryRegionSection *section)
-{
-    return (!memory_region_is_ram(section->mr) &&
-            !memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) ||
-           /*
-            * Sizing an enabled 64-bit BAR can cause spurious mappings to
-            * addresses in the upper part of the 64-bit address space.  These
-            * are never accessed by the CPU and beyond the address width of
-            * some IOMMU hardware.  TODO: VFIO should tell us the IOMMU width.
-            */
-           section->offset_within_address_space & (1ULL << 63);
-}
-
-static void vfio_iommu_map_notify(Notifier *n, void *data)
-{
-    VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu = container_of(n, VFIOGuestIOMMU, n);
-    VFIOContainer *container = giommu->container;
-    IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb = data;
-    MemoryRegion *mr;
-    hwaddr xlat;
-    hwaddr len = iotlb->addr_mask + 1;
-    void *vaddr;
-    int ret;
-
-    trace_vfio_iommu_map_notify(iotlb->iova,
-                                iotlb->iova + iotlb->addr_mask);
-
-    /*
-     * The IOMMU TLB entry we have just covers translation through
-     * this IOMMU to its immediate target.  We need to translate
-     * it the rest of the way through to memory.
-     */
-    mr = address_space_translate(&address_space_memory,
-                                 iotlb->translated_addr,
-                                 &xlat, &len, iotlb->perm & IOMMU_WO);
-    if (!memory_region_is_ram(mr)) {
-        error_report("iommu map to non memory area %"HWADDR_PRIx"\n",
-                xlat);
-        return;
-    }
-    /*
-     * Translation truncates length to the IOMMU page size,
-     * check that it did not truncate too much.
-     */
-    if (len & iotlb->addr_mask) {
-        error_report("iommu has granularity incompatible with target AS\n");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if ((iotlb->perm & IOMMU_RW) != IOMMU_NONE) {
-        vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(mr) + xlat;
-
-        ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iotlb->iova,
-                           iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr,
-                           !(iotlb->perm & IOMMU_WO) || mr->readonly);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
-                         "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%m)",
-                         container, iotlb->iova,
-                         iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr, ret);
-        }
-    } else {
-        ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iotlb->iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
-                         "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
-                         container, iotlb->iova,
-                         iotlb->addr_mask + 1, ret);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_listener_region_add(MemoryListener *listener,
-                                     MemoryRegionSection *section)
-{
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer,
-                                            iommu_data.type1.listener);
-    hwaddr iova, end;
-    Int128 llend;
-    void *vaddr;
-    int ret;
-
-    if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
-        trace_vfio_listener_region_add_skip(
-                section->offset_within_address_space,
-                section->offset_within_address_space +
-                int128_get64(int128_sub(section->size, int128_one())));
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK) !=
-                 (section->offset_within_region & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK))) {
-        error_report("%s received unaligned region", __func__);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    iova = TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
-    llend = int128_make64(section->offset_within_address_space);
-    llend = int128_add(llend, section->size);
-    llend = int128_and(llend, int128_exts64(TARGET_PAGE_MASK));
-
-    if (int128_ge(int128_make64(iova), llend)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    memory_region_ref(section->mr);
-
-    if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
-        VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
-
-        trace_vfio_listener_region_add_iommu(iova,
-                    int128_get64(int128_sub(llend, int128_one())));
-        /*
-         * FIXME: We should do some checking to see if the
-         * capabilities of the host VFIO IOMMU are adequate to model
-         * the guest IOMMU
-         *
-         * FIXME: For VFIO iommu types which have KVM acceleration to
-         * avoid bouncing all map/unmaps through qemu this way, this
-         * would be the right place to wire that up (tell the KVM
-         * device emulation the VFIO iommu handles to use).
-         */
-        /*
-         * This assumes that the guest IOMMU is empty of
-         * mappings at this point.
-         *
-         * One way of doing this is:
-         * 1. Avoid sharing IOMMUs between emulated devices or different
-         * IOMMU groups.
-         * 2. Implement VFIO_IOMMU_ENABLE in the host kernel to fail if
-         * there are some mappings in IOMMU.
-         *
-         * VFIO on SPAPR does that. Other IOMMU models may do that different,
-         * they must make sure there are no existing mappings or
-         * loop through existing mappings to map them into VFIO.
-         */
-        giommu = g_malloc0(sizeof(*giommu));
-        giommu->iommu = section->mr;
-        giommu->container = container;
-        giommu->n.notify = vfio_iommu_map_notify;
-        QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->giommu_list, giommu, giommu_next);
-        memory_region_register_iommu_notifier(giommu->iommu, &giommu->n);
-
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* Here we assume that memory_region_is_ram(section->mr)==true */
-
-    end = int128_get64(llend);
-    vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(section->mr) +
-            section->offset_within_region +
-            (iova - section->offset_within_address_space);
-
-    trace_vfio_listener_region_add_ram(iova, end - 1, vaddr);
-
-    ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iova, end - iova, vaddr, section->readonly);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
-                     "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%m)",
-                     container, iova, end - iova, vaddr, ret);
-
-        /*
-         * On the initfn path, store the first error in the container so we
-         * can gracefully fail.  Runtime, there's not much we can do other
-         * than throw a hardware error.
-         */
-        if (!container->iommu_data.type1.initialized) {
-            if (!container->iommu_data.type1.error) {
-                container->iommu_data.type1.error = ret;
-            }
-        } else {
-            hw_error("vfio: DMA mapping failed, unable to continue");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_listener_region_del(MemoryListener *listener,
-                                     MemoryRegionSection *section)
-{
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer,
-                                            iommu_data.type1.listener);
-    hwaddr iova, end;
-    int ret;
-
-    if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
-        trace_vfio_listener_region_del_skip(
-                section->offset_within_address_space,
-                section->offset_within_address_space +
-                int128_get64(int128_sub(section->size, int128_one())));
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK) !=
-                 (section->offset_within_region & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK))) {
-        error_report("%s received unaligned region", __func__);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
-        VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
-            if (giommu->iommu == section->mr) {
-                memory_region_unregister_iommu_notifier(&giommu->n);
-                QLIST_REMOVE(giommu, giommu_next);
-                g_free(giommu);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * FIXME: We assume the one big unmap below is adequate to
-         * remove any individual page mappings in the IOMMU which
-         * might have been copied into VFIO. This works for a page table
-         * based IOMMU where a big unmap flattens a large range of IO-PTEs.
-         * That may not be true for all IOMMU types.
-         */
-    }
-
-    iova = TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
-    end = (section->offset_within_address_space + int128_get64(section->size)) &
-          TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-
-    if (iova >= end) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_listener_region_del(iova, end - 1);
-
-    ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, end - iova);
-    memory_region_unref(section->mr);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
-                     "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
-                     container, iova, end - iova, ret);
-    }
-}
-
-static MemoryListener vfio_memory_listener = {
-    .region_add = vfio_listener_region_add,
-    .region_del = vfio_listener_region_del,
-};
-
-static void vfio_listener_release(VFIOContainer *container)
-{
-    memory_listener_unregister(&container->iommu_data.type1.listener);
-}
-
-/*
- * Interrupt setup
- */
-static void vfio_disable_interrupts(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    switch (vdev->interrupt) {
-    case VFIO_INT_INTx:
-        vfio_disable_intx(vdev);
-        break;
-    case VFIO_INT_MSI:
-        vfio_disable_msi(vdev);
-        break;
-    case VFIO_INT_MSIX:
-        vfio_disable_msix(vdev);
-        break;
-    }
-}
-
-static int vfio_setup_msi(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos)
-{
-    uint16_t ctrl;
-    bool msi_64bit, msi_maskbit;
-    int ret, entries;
-
-    if (pread(vdev->fd, &ctrl, sizeof(ctrl),
-              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS) != sizeof(ctrl)) {
-        return -errno;
-    }
-    ctrl = le16_to_cpu(ctrl);
-
-    msi_64bit = !!(ctrl & PCI_MSI_FLAGS_64BIT);
-    msi_maskbit = !!(ctrl & PCI_MSI_FLAGS_MASKBIT);
-    entries = 1 << ((ctrl & PCI_MSI_FLAGS_QMASK) >> 1);
-
-    trace_vfio_setup_msi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                         vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, pos);
-
-    ret = msi_init(&vdev->pdev, pos, entries, msi_64bit, msi_maskbit);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        error_report("vfio: msi_init failed");
-        return ret;
-    }
-    vdev->msi_cap_size = 0xa + (msi_maskbit ? 0xa : 0) + (msi_64bit ? 0x4 : 0);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * We don't have any control over how pci_add_capability() inserts
- * capabilities into the chain.  In order to setup MSI-X we need a
- * MemoryRegion for the BAR.  In order to setup the BAR and not
- * attempt to mmap the MSI-X table area, which VFIO won't allow, we
- * need to first look for where the MSI-X table lives.  So we
- * unfortunately split MSI-X setup across two functions.
- */
-static int vfio_early_setup_msix(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    uint8_t pos;
-    uint16_t ctrl;
-    uint32_t table, pba;
-
-    pos = pci_find_capability(&vdev->pdev, PCI_CAP_ID_MSIX);
-    if (!pos) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (pread(vdev->fd, &ctrl, sizeof(ctrl),
-              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS) != sizeof(ctrl)) {
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    if (pread(vdev->fd, &table, sizeof(table),
-              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_MSIX_TABLE) != sizeof(table)) {
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    if (pread(vdev->fd, &pba, sizeof(pba),
-              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_MSIX_PBA) != sizeof(pba)) {
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    ctrl = le16_to_cpu(ctrl);
-    table = le32_to_cpu(table);
-    pba = le32_to_cpu(pba);
-
-    vdev->msix = g_malloc0(sizeof(*(vdev->msix)));
-    vdev->msix->table_bar = table & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
-    vdev->msix->table_offset = table & ~PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
-    vdev->msix->pba_bar = pba & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
-    vdev->msix->pba_offset = pba & ~PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
-    vdev->msix->entries = (ctrl & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_QSIZE) + 1;
-
-    trace_vfio_early_setup_msix(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                                pos, vdev->msix->table_bar,
-                                vdev->msix->table_offset,
-                                vdev->msix->entries);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int vfio_setup_msix(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos)
-{
-    int ret;
-
-    ret = msix_init(&vdev->pdev, vdev->msix->entries,
-                    &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->table_bar].mem,
-                    vdev->msix->table_bar, vdev->msix->table_offset,
-                    &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->pba_bar].mem,
-                    vdev->msix->pba_bar, vdev->msix->pba_offset, pos);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        error_report("vfio: msix_init failed");
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void vfio_teardown_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    msi_uninit(&vdev->pdev);
-
-    if (vdev->msix) {
-        msix_uninit(&vdev->pdev, &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->table_bar].mem,
-                    &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->pba_bar].mem);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Resource setup
- */
-static void vfio_mmap_set_enabled(VFIODevice *vdev, bool enabled)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_SLOT; i++) {
-        VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[i];
-
-        if (!bar->size) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        memory_region_set_enabled(&bar->mmap_mem, enabled);
-        if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == i) {
-            memory_region_set_enabled(&vdev->msix->mmap_mem, enabled);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_unmap_bar(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[nr];
-
-    if (!bar->size) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    vfio_bar_quirk_teardown(vdev, nr);
-
-    memory_region_del_subregion(&bar->mem, &bar->mmap_mem);
-    munmap(bar->mmap, memory_region_size(&bar->mmap_mem));
-
-    if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == nr) {
-        memory_region_del_subregion(&bar->mem, &vdev->msix->mmap_mem);
-        munmap(vdev->msix->mmap, memory_region_size(&vdev->msix->mmap_mem));
-    }
-}
-
-static int vfio_mmap_bar(VFIODevice *vdev, VFIOBAR *bar,
-                         MemoryRegion *mem, MemoryRegion *submem,
-                         void **map, size_t size, off_t offset,
-                         const char *name)
-{
-    int ret = 0;
-
-    if (VFIO_ALLOW_MMAP && size && bar->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP) {
-        int prot = 0;
-
-        if (bar->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ) {
-            prot |= PROT_READ;
-        }
-
-        if (bar->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE) {
-            prot |= PROT_WRITE;
-        }
-
-        *map = mmap(NULL, size, prot, MAP_SHARED,
-                    bar->fd, bar->fd_offset + offset);
-        if (*map == MAP_FAILED) {
-            *map = NULL;
-            ret = -errno;
-            goto empty_region;
-        }
-
-        memory_region_init_ram_ptr(submem, OBJECT(vdev), name, size, *map);
-        memory_region_set_skip_dump(submem);
-    } else {
-empty_region:
-        /* Create a zero sized sub-region to make cleanup easy. */
-        memory_region_init(submem, OBJECT(vdev), name, 0);
-    }
-
-    memory_region_add_subregion(mem, offset, submem);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static void vfio_map_bar(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
-{
-    VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[nr];
-    unsigned size = bar->size;
-    char name[64];
-    uint32_t pci_bar;
-    uint8_t type;
-    int ret;
-
-    /* Skip both unimplemented BARs and the upper half of 64bit BARS. */
-    if (!size) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "VFIO %04x:%02x:%02x.%x BAR %d",
-             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-             vdev->host.function, nr);
-
-    /* Determine what type of BAR this is for registration */
-    ret = pread(vdev->fd, &pci_bar, sizeof(pci_bar),
-                vdev->config_offset + PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_0 + (4 * nr));
-    if (ret != sizeof(pci_bar)) {
-        error_report("vfio: Failed to read BAR %d (%m)", nr);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    pci_bar = le32_to_cpu(pci_bar);
-    bar->ioport = (pci_bar & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_IO);
-    bar->mem64 = bar->ioport ? 0 : (pci_bar & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_TYPE_64);
-    type = pci_bar & (bar->ioport ? ~PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_IO_MASK :
-                                    ~PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_MASK);
-
-    /* A "slow" read/write mapping underlies all BARs */
-    memory_region_init_io(&bar->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_bar_ops,
-                          bar, name, size);
-    pci_register_bar(&vdev->pdev, nr, type, &bar->mem);
-
-    /*
-     * We can't mmap areas overlapping the MSIX vector table, so we
-     * potentially insert a direct-mapped subregion before and after it.
-     */
-    if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == nr) {
-        size = vdev->msix->table_offset & qemu_host_page_mask;
-    }
-
-    strncat(name, " mmap", sizeof(name) - strlen(name) - 1);
-    if (vfio_mmap_bar(vdev, bar, &bar->mem,
-                      &bar->mmap_mem, &bar->mmap, size, 0, name)) {
-        error_report("%s unsupported. Performance may be slow", name);
-    }
-
-    if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == nr) {
-        unsigned start;
-
-        start = HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(vdev->msix->table_offset +
-                                (vdev->msix->entries * PCI_MSIX_ENTRY_SIZE));
-
-        size = start < bar->size ? bar->size - start : 0;
-        strncat(name, " msix-hi", sizeof(name) - strlen(name) - 1);
-        /* VFIOMSIXInfo contains another MemoryRegion for this mapping */
-        if (vfio_mmap_bar(vdev, bar, &bar->mem, &vdev->msix->mmap_mem,
-                          &vdev->msix->mmap, size, start, name)) {
-            error_report("%s unsupported. Performance may be slow", name);
-        }
-    }
-
-    vfio_bar_quirk_setup(vdev, nr);
-}
-
-static void vfio_map_bars(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_SLOT; i++) {
-        vfio_map_bar(vdev, i);
-    }
-
-    if (vdev->has_vga) {
-        memory_region_init_io(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].mem,
-                              OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_vga_ops,
-                              &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM],
-                              "vfio-vga-mmio@0xa0000",
-                              QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM_SIZE);
-        memory_region_init_io(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].mem,
-                              OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_vga_ops,
-                              &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO],
-                              "vfio-vga-io@0x3b0",
-                              QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO_SIZE);
-        memory_region_init_io(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem,
-                              OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_vga_ops,
-                              &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI],
-                              "vfio-vga-io@0x3c0",
-                              QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI_SIZE);
-
-        pci_register_vga(&vdev->pdev, &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].mem,
-                         &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].mem,
-                         &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem);
-        vfio_vga_quirk_setup(vdev);
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_unmap_bars(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_SLOT; i++) {
-        vfio_unmap_bar(vdev, i);
-    }
-
-    if (vdev->has_vga) {
-        vfio_vga_quirk_teardown(vdev);
-        pci_unregister_vga(&vdev->pdev);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * General setup
- */
-static uint8_t vfio_std_cap_max_size(PCIDevice *pdev, uint8_t pos)
-{
-    uint8_t tmp, next = 0xff;
-
-    for (tmp = pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST]; tmp;
-         tmp = pdev->config[tmp + 1]) {
-        if (tmp > pos && tmp < next) {
-            next = tmp;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return next - pos;
-}
-
-static void vfio_set_word_bits(uint8_t *buf, uint16_t val, uint16_t mask)
-{
-    pci_set_word(buf, (pci_get_word(buf) & ~mask) | val);
-}
-
-static void vfio_add_emulated_word(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos,
-                                   uint16_t val, uint16_t mask)
-{
-    vfio_set_word_bits(vdev->pdev.config + pos, val, mask);
-    vfio_set_word_bits(vdev->pdev.wmask + pos, ~mask, mask);
-    vfio_set_word_bits(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pos, mask, mask);
-}
-
-static void vfio_set_long_bits(uint8_t *buf, uint32_t val, uint32_t mask)
-{
-    pci_set_long(buf, (pci_get_long(buf) & ~mask) | val);
-}
-
-static void vfio_add_emulated_long(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos,
-                                   uint32_t val, uint32_t mask)
-{
-    vfio_set_long_bits(vdev->pdev.config + pos, val, mask);
-    vfio_set_long_bits(vdev->pdev.wmask + pos, ~mask, mask);
-    vfio_set_long_bits(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pos, mask, mask);
-}
-
-static int vfio_setup_pcie_cap(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos, uint8_t size)
-{
-    uint16_t flags;
-    uint8_t type;
-
-    flags = pci_get_word(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS);
-    type = (flags & PCI_EXP_FLAGS_TYPE) >> 4;
-
-    if (type != PCI_EXP_TYPE_ENDPOINT &&
-        type != PCI_EXP_TYPE_LEG_END &&
-        type != PCI_EXP_TYPE_RC_END) {
-
-        error_report("vfio: Assignment of PCIe type 0x%x "
-                     "devices is not currently supported", type);
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-
-    if (!pci_bus_is_express(vdev->pdev.bus)) {
-        /*
-         * Use express capability as-is on PCI bus.  It doesn't make much
-         * sense to even expose, but some drivers (ex. tg3) depend on it
-         * and guests don't seem to be particular about it.  We'll need
-         * to revist this or force express devices to express buses if we
-         * ever expose an IOMMU to the guest.
-         */
-    } else if (pci_bus_is_root(vdev->pdev.bus)) {
-        /*
-         * On a Root Complex bus Endpoints become Root Complex Integrated
-         * Endpoints, which changes the type and clears the LNK & LNK2 fields.
-         */
-        if (type == PCI_EXP_TYPE_ENDPOINT) {
-            vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS,
-                                   PCI_EXP_TYPE_RC_END << 4,
-                                   PCI_EXP_FLAGS_TYPE);
-
-            /* Link Capabilities, Status, and Control goes away */
-            if (size > PCI_EXP_LNKCTL) {
-                vfio_add_emulated_long(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCAP, 0, ~0);
-                vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCTL, 0, ~0);
-                vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKSTA, 0, ~0);
-
-#ifndef PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2
-#define PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2 44
-#endif
-#ifndef PCI_EXP_LNKSTA2
-#define PCI_EXP_LNKSTA2 50
-#endif
-                /* Link 2 Capabilities, Status, and Control goes away */
-                if (size > PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2) {
-                    vfio_add_emulated_long(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2, 0, ~0);
-                    vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCTL2, 0, ~0);
-                    vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKSTA2, 0, ~0);
-                }
-            }
-
-        } else if (type == PCI_EXP_TYPE_LEG_END) {
-            /*
-             * Legacy endpoints don't belong on the root complex.  Windows
-             * seems to be happier with devices if we skip the capability.
-             */
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-    } else {
-        /*
-         * Convert Root Complex Integrated Endpoints to regular endpoints.
-         * These devices don't support LNK/LNK2 capabilities, so make them up.
-         */
-        if (type == PCI_EXP_TYPE_RC_END) {
-            vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS,
-                                   PCI_EXP_TYPE_ENDPOINT << 4,
-                                   PCI_EXP_FLAGS_TYPE);
-            vfio_add_emulated_long(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCAP,
-                                   PCI_EXP_LNK_MLW_1 | PCI_EXP_LNK_LS_25, ~0);
-            vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCTL, 0, ~0);
-        }
-
-        /* Mark the Link Status bits as emulated to allow virtual negotiation */
-        vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKSTA,
-                               pci_get_word(vdev->pdev.config + pos +
-                                            PCI_EXP_LNKSTA),
-                               PCI_EXP_LNKCAP_MLW | PCI_EXP_LNKCAP_SLS);
-    }
-
-    pos = pci_add_capability(&vdev->pdev, PCI_CAP_ID_EXP, pos, size);
-    if (pos >= 0) {
-        vdev->pdev.exp.exp_cap = pos;
-    }
-
-    return pos;
-}
-
-static void vfio_check_pcie_flr(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
-{
-    uint32_t cap = pci_get_long(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_EXP_DEVCAP);
-
-    if (cap & PCI_EXP_DEVCAP_FLR) {
-        trace_vfio_check_pcie_flr(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-        vdev->has_flr = true;
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_check_pm_reset(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
-{
-    uint16_t csr = pci_get_word(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_PM_CTRL);
-
-    if (!(csr & PCI_PM_CTRL_NO_SOFT_RESET)) {
-        trace_vfio_check_pm_reset(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-        vdev->has_pm_reset = true;
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_check_af_flr(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
-{
-    uint8_t cap = pci_get_byte(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_AF_CAP);
-
-    if ((cap & PCI_AF_CAP_TP) && (cap & PCI_AF_CAP_FLR)) {
-        trace_vfio_check_af_flr(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-        vdev->has_flr = true;
-    }
-}
-
-static int vfio_add_std_cap(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    uint8_t cap_id, next, size;
-    int ret;
-
-    cap_id = pdev->config[pos];
-    next = pdev->config[pos + 1];
-
-    /*
-     * If it becomes important to configure capabilities to their actual
-     * size, use this as the default when it's something we don't recognize.
-     * Since QEMU doesn't actually handle many of the config accesses,
-     * exact size doesn't seem worthwhile.
-     */
-    size = vfio_std_cap_max_size(pdev, pos);
-
-    /*
-     * pci_add_capability always inserts the new capability at the head
-     * of the chain.  Therefore to end up with a chain that matches the
-     * physical device, we insert from the end by making this recursive.
-     * This is also why we pre-caclulate size above as cached config space
-     * will be changed as we unwind the stack.
-     */
-    if (next) {
-        ret = vfio_add_std_cap(vdev, next);
-        if (ret) {
-            return ret;
-        }
-    } else {
-        /* Begin the rebuild, use QEMU emulated list bits */
-        pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST] = 0;
-        vdev->emulated_config_bits[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST] = 0xff;
-        vdev->emulated_config_bits[PCI_STATUS] |= PCI_STATUS_CAP_LIST;
-    }
-
-    /* Use emulated next pointer to allow dropping caps */
-    pci_set_byte(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pos + 1, 0xff);
-
-    switch (cap_id) {
-    case PCI_CAP_ID_MSI:
-        ret = vfio_setup_msi(vdev, pos);
-        break;
-    case PCI_CAP_ID_EXP:
-        vfio_check_pcie_flr(vdev, pos);
-        ret = vfio_setup_pcie_cap(vdev, pos, size);
-        break;
-    case PCI_CAP_ID_MSIX:
-        ret = vfio_setup_msix(vdev, pos);
-        break;
-    case PCI_CAP_ID_PM:
-        vfio_check_pm_reset(vdev, pos);
-        vdev->pm_cap = pos;
-        ret = pci_add_capability(pdev, cap_id, pos, size);
-        break;
-    case PCI_CAP_ID_AF:
-        vfio_check_af_flr(vdev, pos);
-        ret = pci_add_capability(pdev, cap_id, pos, size);
-        break;
-    default:
-        ret = pci_add_capability(pdev, cap_id, pos, size);
-        break;
-    }
-
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        error_report("vfio: %04x:%02x:%02x.%x Error adding PCI capability "
-                     "0x%x[0x%x]@0x%x: %d", vdev->host.domain,
-                     vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                     cap_id, size, pos, ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int vfio_add_capabilities(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-
-    if (!(pdev->config[PCI_STATUS] & PCI_STATUS_CAP_LIST) ||
-        !pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST]) {
-        return 0; /* Nothing to add */
-    }
-
-    return vfio_add_std_cap(vdev, pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST]);
-}
-
-static void vfio_pci_pre_reset(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
-    uint16_t cmd;
-
-    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
-
-    /* Make sure the device is in D0 */
-    if (vdev->pm_cap) {
-        uint16_t pmcsr;
-        uint8_t state;
-
-        pmcsr = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, vdev->pm_cap + PCI_PM_CTRL, 2);
-        state = pmcsr & PCI_PM_CTRL_STATE_MASK;
-        if (state) {
-            pmcsr &= ~PCI_PM_CTRL_STATE_MASK;
-            vfio_pci_write_config(pdev, vdev->pm_cap + PCI_PM_CTRL, pmcsr, 2);
-            /* vfio handles the necessary delay here */
-            pmcsr = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, vdev->pm_cap + PCI_PM_CTRL, 2);
-            state = pmcsr & PCI_PM_CTRL_STATE_MASK;
-            if (state) {
-                error_report("vfio: Unable to power on device, stuck in D%d",
-                             state);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Stop any ongoing DMA by disconecting I/O, MMIO, and bus master.
-     * Also put INTx Disable in known state.
-     */
-    cmd = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, 2);
-    cmd &= ~(PCI_COMMAND_IO | PCI_COMMAND_MEMORY | PCI_COMMAND_MASTER |
-             PCI_COMMAND_INTX_DISABLE);
-    vfio_pci_write_config(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, cmd, 2);
-}
-
-static void vfio_pci_post_reset(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    vfio_enable_intx(vdev);
-}
-
-static bool vfio_pci_host_match(PCIHostDeviceAddress *host1,
-                                PCIHostDeviceAddress *host2)
-{
-    return (host1->domain == host2->domain && host1->bus == host2->bus &&
-            host1->slot == host2->slot && host1->function == host2->function);
-}
-
-static int vfio_pci_hot_reset(VFIODevice *vdev, bool single)
-{
-    VFIOGroup *group;
-    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info *info;
-    struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *devices;
-    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset *reset;
-    int32_t *fds;
-    int ret, i, count;
-    bool multi = false;
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                             vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
-                             single ? "one" : "multi");
-
-    vfio_pci_pre_reset(vdev);
-    vdev->needs_reset = false;
-
-    info = g_malloc0(sizeof(*info));
-    info->argsz = sizeof(*info);
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_PCI_HOT_RESET_INFO, info);
-    if (ret && errno != ENOSPC) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
-            error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %04x:%02x:%02x.%x, "
-                         "no available reset mechanism.", vdev->host.domain,
-                         vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-        }
-        goto out_single;
-    }
-
-    count = info->count;
-    info = g_realloc(info, sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(*devices)));
-    info->argsz = sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(*devices));
-    devices = &info->devices[0];
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_PCI_HOT_RESET_INFO, info);
-    if (ret) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        error_report("vfio: hot reset info failed: %m");
-        goto out_single;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_has_dep_devices(vdev->host.domain,
-                                             vdev->host.bus,
-                                             vdev->host.slot,
-                                             vdev->host.function);
-
-    /* Verify that we have all the groups required */
-    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
-        VFIODevice *tmp;
-
-        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
-        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
-        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
-        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
-
-        trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_dep_devices(host.domain,
-                host.bus, host.slot, host.function, devices[i].group_id);
-
-        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &vdev->host)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!group) {
-            if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
-                error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %04x:%02x:%02x.%x, "
-                             "depends on group %d which is not owned.",
-                             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-                             vdev->host.function, devices[i].group_id);
-            }
-            ret = -EPERM;
-            goto out;
-        }
-
-        /* Prep dependent devices for reset and clear our marker. */
-        QLIST_FOREACH(tmp, &group->device_list, next) {
-            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &tmp->host)) {
-                if (single) {
-                    error_report("vfio: found another in-use device "
-                            "%04x:%02x:%02x.%x\n", host.domain, host.bus,
-                            host.slot, host.function);
-                    ret = -EINVAL;
-                    goto out_single;
-                }
-                vfio_pci_pre_reset(tmp);
-                tmp->needs_reset = false;
-                multi = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!single && !multi) {
-        error_report("vfio: No other in-use devices for multi hot reset\n");
-        ret = -EINVAL;
-        goto out_single;
-    }
-
-    /* Determine how many group fds need to be passed */
-    count = 0;
-    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
-        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                count++;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    reset = g_malloc0(sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds)));
-    reset->argsz = sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds));
-    fds = &reset->group_fds[0];
-
-    /* Fill in group fds */
-    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
-        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                fds[reset->count++] = group->fd;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Bus reset! */
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_PCI_HOT_RESET, reset);
-    g_free(reset);
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_result(vdev->host.domain,
-                                    vdev->host.bus,
-                                    vdev->host.slot,
-                                    vdev->host.function,
-                                    ret ? "%m" : "Success");
-
-out:
-    /* Re-enable INTx on affected devices */
-    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
-        VFIODevice *tmp;
-
-        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
-        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
-        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
-        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
-
-        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &vdev->host)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!group) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH(tmp, &group->device_list, next) {
-            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &tmp->host)) {
-                vfio_pci_post_reset(tmp);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-out_single:
-    vfio_pci_post_reset(vdev);
-    g_free(info);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/*
- * We want to differentiate hot reset of mulitple in-use devices vs hot reset
- * of a single in-use device.  VFIO_DEVICE_RESET will already handle the case
- * of doing hot resets when there is only a single device per bus.  The in-use
- * here refers to how many VFIODevices are affected.  A hot reset that affects
- * multiple devices, but only a single in-use device, means that we can call
- * it from our bus ->reset() callback since the extent is effectively a single
- * device.  This allows us to make use of it in the hotplug path.  When there
- * are multiple in-use devices, we can only trigger the hot reset during a
- * system reset and thus from our reset handler.  We separate _one vs _multi
- * here so that we don't overlap and do a double reset on the system reset
- * path where both our reset handler and ->reset() callback are used.  Calling
- * _one() will only do a hot reset for the one in-use devices case, calling
- * _multi() will do nothing if a _one() would have been sufficient.
- */
-static int vfio_pci_hot_reset_one(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    return vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev, true);
-}
-
-static int vfio_pci_hot_reset_multi(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    return vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev, false);
-}
-
-static void vfio_pci_reset_handler(void *opaque)
-{
-    VFIOGroup *group;
-    VFIODevice *vdev;
-
-    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
-        QLIST_FOREACH(vdev, &group->device_list, next) {
-            if (!vdev->reset_works || (!vdev->has_flr && vdev->has_pm_reset)) {
-                vdev->needs_reset = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
-        QLIST_FOREACH(vdev, &group->device_list, next) {
-            if (vdev->needs_reset) {
-                vfio_pci_hot_reset_multi(vdev);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_kvm_device_add_group(VFIOGroup *group)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
-    struct kvm_device_attr attr = {
-        .group = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP,
-        .attr = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP_ADD,
-        .addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)&group->fd,
-    };
-
-    if (!kvm_enabled()) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (vfio_kvm_device_fd < 0) {
-        struct kvm_create_device cd = {
-            .type = KVM_DEV_TYPE_VFIO,
-        };
-
-        if (kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_CREATE_DEVICE, &cd)) {
-            error_report("KVM_CREATE_DEVICE: %m\n");
-            return;
-        }
-
-        vfio_kvm_device_fd = cd.fd;
-    }
-
-    if (ioctl(vfio_kvm_device_fd, KVM_SET_DEVICE_ATTR, &attr)) {
-        error_report("Failed to add group %d to KVM VFIO device: %m",
-                     group->groupid);
-    }
-#endif
-}
-
-static void vfio_kvm_device_del_group(VFIOGroup *group)
-{
-#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
-    struct kvm_device_attr attr = {
-        .group = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP,
-        .attr = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP_DEL,
-        .addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)&group->fd,
-    };
-
-    if (vfio_kvm_device_fd < 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (ioctl(vfio_kvm_device_fd, KVM_SET_DEVICE_ATTR, &attr)) {
-        error_report("Failed to remove group %d from KVM VFIO device: %m",
-                     group->groupid);
-    }
-#endif
-}
-
-static VFIOAddressSpace *vfio_get_address_space(AddressSpace *as)
-{
-    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
-
-    QLIST_FOREACH(space, &vfio_address_spaces, list) {
-        if (space->as == as) {
-            return space;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* No suitable VFIOAddressSpace, create a new one */
-    space = g_malloc0(sizeof(*space));
-    space->as = as;
-    QLIST_INIT(&space->containers);
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vfio_address_spaces, space, list);
-
-    return space;
-}
-
-static void vfio_put_address_space(VFIOAddressSpace *space)
-{
-    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&space->containers)) {
-        QLIST_REMOVE(space, list);
-        g_free(space);
-    }
-}
-
-static int vfio_connect_container(VFIOGroup *group, AddressSpace *as)
-{
-    VFIOContainer *container;
-    int ret, fd;
-    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
-
-    space = vfio_get_address_space(as);
-
-    QLIST_FOREACH(container, &space->containers, next) {
-        if (!ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
-            group->container = container;
-            QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->group_list, group, container_next);
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    fd = qemu_open("/dev/vfio/vfio", O_RDWR);
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        error_report("vfio: failed to open /dev/vfio/vfio: %m");
-        ret = -errno;
-        goto put_space_exit;
-    }
-
-    ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_GET_API_VERSION);
-    if (ret != VFIO_API_VERSION) {
-        error_report("vfio: supported vfio version: %d, "
-                     "reported version: %d", VFIO_API_VERSION, ret);
-        ret = -EINVAL;
-        goto close_fd_exit;
-    }
-
-    container = g_malloc0(sizeof(*container));
-    container->space = space;
-    container->fd = fd;
-
-    if (ioctl(fd, VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION, VFIO_TYPE1_IOMMU)) {
-        ret = ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &fd);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to set group container: %m");
-            ret = -errno;
-            goto free_container_exit;
-        }
-
-        ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_SET_IOMMU, VFIO_TYPE1_IOMMU);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to set iommu for container: %m");
-            ret = -errno;
-            goto free_container_exit;
-        }
-
-        container->iommu_data.type1.listener = vfio_memory_listener;
-        container->iommu_data.release = vfio_listener_release;
-
-        memory_listener_register(&container->iommu_data.type1.listener,
-                                 container->space->as);
-
-        if (container->iommu_data.type1.error) {
-            ret = container->iommu_data.type1.error;
-            error_report("vfio: memory listener initialization failed for container");
-            goto listener_release_exit;
-        }
-
-        container->iommu_data.type1.initialized = true;
-
-    } else if (ioctl(fd, VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION, VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU)) {
-        ret = ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &fd);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to set group container: %m");
-            ret = -errno;
-            goto free_container_exit;
-        }
-
-        ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_SET_IOMMU, VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to set iommu for container: %m");
-            ret = -errno;
-            goto free_container_exit;
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * The host kernel code implementing VFIO_IOMMU_DISABLE is called
-         * when container fd is closed so we do not call it explicitly
-         * in this file.
-         */
-        ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_IOMMU_ENABLE);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to enable container: %m");
-            ret = -errno;
-            goto free_container_exit;
-        }
-
-        container->iommu_data.type1.listener = vfio_memory_listener;
-        container->iommu_data.release = vfio_listener_release;
-
-        memory_listener_register(&container->iommu_data.type1.listener,
-                                 container->space->as);
-
-    } else {
-        error_report("vfio: No available IOMMU models");
-        ret = -EINVAL;
-        goto free_container_exit;
-    }
-
-    QLIST_INIT(&container->group_list);
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&space->containers, container, next);
-
-    group->container = container;
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->group_list, group, container_next);
-
-    return 0;
-
-listener_release_exit:
-    vfio_listener_release(container);
-
-free_container_exit:
-    g_free(container);
-
-close_fd_exit:
-    close(fd);
-
-put_space_exit:
-    vfio_put_address_space(space);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static void vfio_disconnect_container(VFIOGroup *group)
-{
-    VFIOContainer *container = group->container;
-
-    if (ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_UNSET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
-        error_report("vfio: error disconnecting group %d from container",
-                     group->groupid);
-    }
-
-    QLIST_REMOVE(group, container_next);
-    group->container = NULL;
-
-    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&container->group_list)) {
-        VFIOAddressSpace *space = container->space;
-
-        if (container->iommu_data.release) {
-            container->iommu_data.release(container);
-        }
-        QLIST_REMOVE(container, next);
-        trace_vfio_disconnect_container(container->fd);
-        close(container->fd);
-        g_free(container);
-
-        vfio_put_address_space(space);
-    }
-}
-
-static VFIOGroup *vfio_get_group(int groupid, AddressSpace *as)
-{
-    VFIOGroup *group;
-    char path[32];
-    struct vfio_group_status status = { .argsz = sizeof(status) };
-
-    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
-        if (group->groupid == groupid) {
-            /* Found it.  Now is it already in the right context? */
-            if (group->container->space->as == as) {
-                return group;
-            } else {
-                error_report("vfio: group %d used in multiple address spaces",
-                             group->groupid);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    group = g_malloc0(sizeof(*group));
-
-    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/dev/vfio/%d", groupid);
-    group->fd = qemu_open(path, O_RDWR);
-    if (group->fd < 0) {
-        error_report("vfio: error opening %s: %m", path);
-        goto free_group_exit;
-    }
-
-    if (ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_GET_STATUS, &status)) {
-        error_report("vfio: error getting group status: %m");
-        goto close_fd_exit;
-    }
-
-    if (!(status.flags & VFIO_GROUP_FLAGS_VIABLE)) {
-        error_report("vfio: error, group %d is not viable, please ensure "
-                     "all devices within the iommu_group are bound to their "
-                     "vfio bus driver.", groupid);
-        goto close_fd_exit;
-    }
-
-    group->groupid = groupid;
-    QLIST_INIT(&group->device_list);
-
-    if (vfio_connect_container(group, as)) {
-        error_report("vfio: failed to setup container for group %d", groupid);
-        goto close_fd_exit;
-    }
-
-    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&group_list)) {
-        qemu_register_reset(vfio_pci_reset_handler, NULL);
-    }
-
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&group_list, group, next);
-
-    vfio_kvm_device_add_group(group);
-
-    return group;
-
-close_fd_exit:
-    close(group->fd);
-
-free_group_exit:
-    g_free(group);
-
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static void vfio_put_group(VFIOGroup *group)
-{
-    if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&group->device_list)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    vfio_kvm_device_del_group(group);
-    vfio_disconnect_container(group);
-    QLIST_REMOVE(group, next);
-    trace_vfio_put_group(group->fd);
-    close(group->fd);
-    g_free(group);
-
-    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&group_list)) {
-        qemu_unregister_reset(vfio_pci_reset_handler, NULL);
-    }
-}
-
-static int vfio_get_device(VFIOGroup *group, const char *name, VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    struct vfio_device_info dev_info = { .argsz = sizeof(dev_info) };
-    struct vfio_region_info reg_info = { .argsz = sizeof(reg_info) };
-    struct vfio_irq_info irq_info = { .argsz = sizeof(irq_info) };
-    int ret, i;
-
-    ret = ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_GET_DEVICE_FD, name);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        error_report("vfio: error getting device %s from group %d: %m",
-                     name, group->groupid);
-        error_printf("Verify all devices in group %d are bound to vfio-pci "
-                     "or pci-stub and not already in use\n", group->groupid);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    vdev->fd = ret;
-    vdev->group = group;
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&group->device_list, vdev, next);
-
-    /* Sanity check device */
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_INFO, &dev_info);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: error getting device info: %m");
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_get_device_irq(name, dev_info.flags,
-                              dev_info.num_regions, dev_info.num_irqs);
-
-    if (!(dev_info.flags & VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_PCI)) {
-        error_report("vfio: Um, this isn't a PCI device");
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    vdev->reset_works = !!(dev_info.flags & VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_RESET);
-
-    if (dev_info.num_regions < VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX + 1) {
-        error_report("vfio: unexpected number of io regions %u",
-                     dev_info.num_regions);
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (dev_info.num_irqs < VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX + 1) {
-        error_report("vfio: unexpected number of irqs %u", dev_info.num_irqs);
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    for (i = VFIO_PCI_BAR0_REGION_INDEX; i < VFIO_PCI_ROM_REGION_INDEX; i++) {
-        reg_info.index = i;
-
-        ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &reg_info);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio: Error getting region %d info: %m", i);
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        trace_vfio_get_device_region(name, i,
-                                     (unsigned long)reg_info.size,
-                                     (unsigned long)reg_info.offset,
-                                     (unsigned long)reg_info.flags);
-
-        vdev->bars[i].flags = reg_info.flags;
-        vdev->bars[i].size = reg_info.size;
-        vdev->bars[i].fd_offset = reg_info.offset;
-        vdev->bars[i].fd = vdev->fd;
-        vdev->bars[i].nr = i;
-        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->bars[i].quirks);
-    }
-
-    reg_info.index = VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX;
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &reg_info);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: Error getting config info: %m");
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_get_device_config(name, (unsigned long)reg_info.size,
-                                 (unsigned long)reg_info.offset,
-                                 (unsigned long)reg_info.flags);
-
-    vdev->config_size = reg_info.size;
-    if (vdev->config_size == PCI_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE) {
-        vdev->pdev.cap_present &= ~QEMU_PCI_CAP_EXPRESS;
-    }
-    vdev->config_offset = reg_info.offset;
-
-    if ((vdev->features & VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA) &&
-        dev_info.num_regions > VFIO_PCI_VGA_REGION_INDEX) {
-        struct vfio_region_info vga_info = {
-            .argsz = sizeof(vga_info),
-            .index = VFIO_PCI_VGA_REGION_INDEX,
-         };
-
-        ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &vga_info);
-        if (ret) {
-            error_report(
-                "vfio: Device does not support requested feature x-vga");
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        if (!(vga_info.flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ) ||
-            !(vga_info.flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE) ||
-            vga_info.size < 0xbffff + 1) {
-            error_report("vfio: Unexpected VGA info, flags 0x%lx, size 0x%lx",
-                         (unsigned long)vga_info.flags,
-                         (unsigned long)vga_info.size);
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        vdev->vga.fd_offset = vga_info.offset;
-        vdev->vga.fd = vdev->fd;
-
-        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].offset = QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM_BASE;
-        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].nr = QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM;
-        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].quirks);
-
-        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].offset = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO_BASE;
-        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].nr = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO;
-        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].quirks);
-
-        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].offset = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI_BASE;
-        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].nr = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI;
-        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].quirks);
-
-        vdev->has_vga = true;
-    }
-    irq_info.index = VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX;
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_IRQ_INFO, &irq_info);
-    if (ret) {
-        /* This can fail for an old kernel or legacy PCI dev */
-        trace_vfio_get_device_get_irq_info_failure();
-        ret = 0;
-    } else if (irq_info.count == 1) {
-        vdev->pci_aer = true;
-    } else {
-        error_report("vfio: %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
-                     "Could not enable error recovery for the device",
-                     vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-                     vdev->host.function);
-    }
-
-error:
-    if (ret) {
-        QLIST_REMOVE(vdev, next);
-        vdev->group = NULL;
-        close(vdev->fd);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static void vfio_put_device(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    QLIST_REMOVE(vdev, next);
-    vdev->group = NULL;
-    trace_vfio_put_device(vdev->fd);
-    close(vdev->fd);
-    if (vdev->msix) {
-        g_free(vdev->msix);
-        vdev->msix = NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-static void vfio_err_notifier_handler(void *opaque)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
-
-    if (!event_notifier_test_and_clear(&vdev->err_notifier)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * TBD. Retrieve the error details and decide what action
-     * needs to be taken. One of the actions could be to pass
-     * the error to the guest and have the guest driver recover
-     * from the error. This requires that PCIe capabilities be
-     * exposed to the guest. For now, we just terminate the
-     * guest to contain the error.
-     */
-
-    error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x) Unrecoverable error detected.  "
-                 "Please collect any data possible and then kill the guest",
-                 __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                 vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-    vm_stop(RUN_STATE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
-}
-
-/*
- * Registers error notifier for devices supporting error recovery.
- * If we encounter a failure in this function, we report an error
- * and continue after disabling error recovery support for the
- * device.
- */
-static void vfio_register_err_notifier(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int ret;
-    int argsz;
-    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
-    int32_t *pfd;
-
-    if (!vdev->pci_aer) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (event_notifier_init(&vdev->err_notifier, 0)) {
-        error_report("vfio: Unable to init event notifier for error detection");
-        vdev->pci_aer = false;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
-
-    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
-    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
-    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
-                     VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
-    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX;
-    irq_set->start = 0;
-    irq_set->count = 1;
-    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
-
-    *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->err_notifier);
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, vfio_err_notifier_handler, NULL, vdev);
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: Failed to set up error notification");
-        qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
-        event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->err_notifier);
-        vdev->pci_aer = false;
-    }
-    g_free(irq_set);
-}
-
-static void vfio_unregister_err_notifier(VFIODevice *vdev)
-{
-    int argsz;
-    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
-    int32_t *pfd;
-    int ret;
-
-    if (!vdev->pci_aer) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
-
-    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
-    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
-    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
-                     VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
-    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX;
-    irq_set->start = 0;
-    irq_set->count = 1;
-    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
-    *pfd = -1;
-
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: Failed to de-assign error fd: %m");
-    }
-    g_free(irq_set);
-    qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->err_notifier),
-                        NULL, NULL, vdev);
-    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->err_notifier);
-}
-
-static int vfio_initfn(PCIDevice *pdev)
-{
-    VFIODevice *pvdev, *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-    VFIOGroup *group;
-    char path[PATH_MAX], iommu_group_path[PATH_MAX], *group_name;
-    ssize_t len;
-    struct stat st;
-    int groupid;
-    int ret;
-
-    /* Check that the host device exists */
-    snprintf(path, sizeof(path),
-             "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%04x:%02x:%02x.%01x/",
-             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-             vdev->host.function);
-    if (stat(path, &st) < 0) {
-        error_report("vfio: error: no such host device: %s", path);
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    strncat(path, "iommu_group", sizeof(path) - strlen(path) - 1);
-
-    len = readlink(path, iommu_group_path, sizeof(path));
-    if (len <= 0 || len >= sizeof(path)) {
-        error_report("vfio: error no iommu_group for device");
-        return len < 0 ? -errno : ENAMETOOLONG;
-    }
-
-    iommu_group_path[len] = 0;
-    group_name = basename(iommu_group_path);
-
-    if (sscanf(group_name, "%d", &groupid) != 1) {
-        error_report("vfio: error reading %s: %m", path);
-        return -errno;
-    }
-
-    trace_vfio_initfn(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                      vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, groupid);
-
-    group = vfio_get_group(groupid, pci_device_iommu_address_space(pdev));
-    if (!group) {
-        error_report("vfio: failed to get group %d", groupid);
-        return -ENOENT;
-    }
-
-    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%04x:%02x:%02x.%01x",
-            vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
-            vdev->host.function);
-
-    QLIST_FOREACH(pvdev, &group->device_list, next) {
-        if (pvdev->host.domain == vdev->host.domain &&
-            pvdev->host.bus == vdev->host.bus &&
-            pvdev->host.slot == vdev->host.slot &&
-            pvdev->host.function == vdev->host.function) {
-
-            error_report("vfio: error: device %s is already attached", path);
-            vfio_put_group(group);
-            return -EBUSY;
-        }
-    }
-
-    ret = vfio_get_device(group, path, vdev);
-    if (ret) {
-        error_report("vfio: failed to get device %s", path);
-        vfio_put_group(group);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    /* Get a copy of config space */
-    ret = pread(vdev->fd, vdev->pdev.config,
-                MIN(pci_config_size(&vdev->pdev), vdev->config_size),
-                vdev->config_offset);
-    if (ret < (int)MIN(pci_config_size(&vdev->pdev), vdev->config_size)) {
-        ret = ret < 0 ? -errno : -EFAULT;
-        error_report("vfio: Failed to read device config space");
-        goto out_put;
-    }
-
-    /* vfio emulates a lot for us, but some bits need extra love */
-    vdev->emulated_config_bits = g_malloc0(vdev->config_size);
-
-    /* QEMU can choose to expose the ROM or not */
-    memset(vdev->emulated_config_bits + PCI_ROM_ADDRESS, 0xff, 4);
-
-    /* QEMU can change multi-function devices to single function, or reverse */
-    vdev->emulated_config_bits[PCI_HEADER_TYPE] =
-                                              PCI_HEADER_TYPE_MULTI_FUNCTION;
-
-    /* Restore or clear multifunction, this is always controlled by QEMU */
-    if (vdev->pdev.cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MULTIFUNCTION) {
-        vdev->pdev.config[PCI_HEADER_TYPE] |= PCI_HEADER_TYPE_MULTI_FUNCTION;
-    } else {
-        vdev->pdev.config[PCI_HEADER_TYPE] &= ~PCI_HEADER_TYPE_MULTI_FUNCTION;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Clear host resource mapping info.  If we choose not to register a
-     * BAR, such as might be the case with the option ROM, we can get
-     * confusing, unwritable, residual addresses from the host here.
-     */
-    memset(&vdev->pdev.config[PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_0], 0, 24);
-    memset(&vdev->pdev.config[PCI_ROM_ADDRESS], 0, 4);
-
-    vfio_pci_size_rom(vdev);
-
-    ret = vfio_early_setup_msix(vdev);
-    if (ret) {
-        goto out_put;
-    }
-
-    vfio_map_bars(vdev);
-
-    ret = vfio_add_capabilities(vdev);
-    if (ret) {
-        goto out_teardown;
-    }
-
-    /* QEMU emulates all of MSI & MSIX */
-    if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX) {
-        memset(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pdev->msix_cap, 0xff,
-               MSIX_CAP_LENGTH);
-    }
-
-    if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSI) {
-        memset(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pdev->msi_cap, 0xff,
-               vdev->msi_cap_size);
-    }
-
-    if (vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev, PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN, 1)) {
-        vdev->intx.mmap_timer = timer_new_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL,
-                                                  vfio_intx_mmap_enable, vdev);
-        pci_device_set_intx_routing_notifier(&vdev->pdev, vfio_update_irq);
-        ret = vfio_enable_intx(vdev);
-        if (ret) {
-            goto out_teardown;
-        }
-    }
-
-    vfio_register_err_notifier(vdev);
-
-    return 0;
-
-out_teardown:
-    pci_device_set_intx_routing_notifier(&vdev->pdev, NULL);
-    vfio_teardown_msi(vdev);
-    vfio_unmap_bars(vdev);
-out_put:
-    g_free(vdev->emulated_config_bits);
-    vfio_put_device(vdev);
-    vfio_put_group(group);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static void vfio_exitfn(PCIDevice *pdev)
-{
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-    VFIOGroup *group = vdev->group;
-
-    vfio_unregister_err_notifier(vdev);
-    pci_device_set_intx_routing_notifier(&vdev->pdev, NULL);
-    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
-    if (vdev->intx.mmap_timer) {
-        timer_free(vdev->intx.mmap_timer);
-    }
-    vfio_teardown_msi(vdev);
-    vfio_unmap_bars(vdev);
-    g_free(vdev->emulated_config_bits);
-    g_free(vdev->rom);
-    vfio_put_device(vdev);
-    vfio_put_group(group);
-}
-
-static void vfio_pci_reset(DeviceState *dev)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pdev = DO_UPCAST(PCIDevice, qdev, dev);
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_reset(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                         vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-
-    vfio_pci_pre_reset(vdev);
-
-    if (vdev->reset_works && (vdev->has_flr || !vdev->has_pm_reset) &&
-        !ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_RESET)) {
-        trace_vfio_pci_reset_flr(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-        goto post_reset;
-    }
-
-    /* See if we can do our own bus reset */
-    if (!vfio_pci_hot_reset_one(vdev)) {
-        goto post_reset;
-    }
-
-    /* If nothing else works and the device supports PM reset, use it */
-    if (vdev->reset_works && vdev->has_pm_reset &&
-        !ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_RESET)) {
-        trace_vfio_pci_reset_pm(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
-                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
-        goto post_reset;
-    }
-
-post_reset:
-    vfio_pci_post_reset(vdev);
-}
-
-static void vfio_instance_init(Object *obj)
-{
-    PCIDevice *pci_dev = PCI_DEVICE(obj);
-    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, PCI_DEVICE(obj));
-
-    device_add_bootindex_property(obj, &vdev->bootindex,
-                                  "bootindex", NULL,
-                                  &pci_dev->qdev, NULL);
-}
-
-static Property vfio_pci_dev_properties[] = {
-    DEFINE_PROP_PCI_HOST_DEVADDR("host", VFIODevice, host),
-    DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("x-intx-mmap-timeout-ms", VFIODevice,
-                       intx.mmap_timeout, 1100),
-    DEFINE_PROP_BIT("x-vga", VFIODevice, features,
-                    VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA_BIT, false),
-    /*
-     * TODO - support passed fds... is this necessary?
-     * DEFINE_PROP_STRING("vfiofd", VFIODevice, vfiofd_name),
-     * DEFINE_PROP_STRING("vfiogroupfd, VFIODevice, vfiogroupfd_name),
-     */
-    DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
-};
-
-static const VMStateDescription vfio_pci_vmstate = {
-    .name = "vfio-pci",
-    .unmigratable = 1,
-};
-
-static void vfio_pci_dev_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
-{
-    DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
-    PCIDeviceClass *pdc = PCI_DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
-
-    dc->reset = vfio_pci_reset;
-    dc->props = vfio_pci_dev_properties;
-    dc->vmsd = &vfio_pci_vmstate;
-    dc->desc = "VFIO-based PCI device assignment";
-    set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_MISC, dc->categories);
-    pdc->init = vfio_initfn;
-    pdc->exit = vfio_exitfn;
-    pdc->config_read = vfio_pci_read_config;
-    pdc->config_write = vfio_pci_write_config;
-    pdc->is_express = 1; /* We might be */
-}
-
-static const TypeInfo vfio_pci_dev_info = {
-    .name = "vfio-pci",
-    .parent = TYPE_PCI_DEVICE,
-    .instance_size = sizeof(VFIODevice),
-    .class_init = vfio_pci_dev_class_init,
-    .instance_init = vfio_instance_init,
-};
-
-static void register_vfio_pci_dev_type(void)
-{
-    type_register_static(&vfio_pci_dev_info);
-}
-
-type_init(register_vfio_pci_dev_type)
-
-static int vfio_container_do_ioctl(AddressSpace *as, int32_t groupid,
-                                   int req, void *param)
-{
-    VFIOGroup *group;
-    VFIOContainer *container;
-    int ret = -1;
-
-    group = vfio_get_group(groupid, as);
-    if (!group) {
-        error_report("vfio: group %d not registered", groupid);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    container = group->container;
-    if (group->container) {
-        ret = ioctl(container->fd, req, param);
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            error_report("vfio: failed to ioctl container: ret=%d, %s",
-                         ret, strerror(errno));
-        }
-    }
-
-    vfio_put_group(group);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-int vfio_container_ioctl(AddressSpace *as, int32_t groupid,
-                         int req, void *param)
-{
-    /* We allow only certain ioctls to the container */
-    switch (req) {
-    case VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION:
-    case VFIO_IOMMU_SPAPR_TCE_GET_INFO:
-        break;
-    default:
-        /* Return an error on unknown requests */
-        error_report("vfio: unsupported ioctl %X", req);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    return vfio_container_do_ioctl(as, groupid, req, param);
-}
diff --git a/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c b/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c
index d3bddf2..144912b 100644
--- a/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c
+++ b/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "hw/ppc/spapr.h"
 #include "hw/pci-host/spapr.h"
 #include "linux/vfio.h"
-#include "hw/misc/vfio.h"
+#include "hw/vfio/vfio.h"
 
 static Property spapr_phb_vfio_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_PROP_INT32("iommu", sPAPRPHBVFIOState, iommugroupid, -1),
diff --git a/hw/vfio/Makefile.objs b/hw/vfio/Makefile.objs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31c7dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/vfio/Makefile.objs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_LINUX), y)
+obj-$(CONFIG_PCI) += pci.o
+endif
diff --git a/hw/vfio/pci.c b/hw/vfio/pci.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4124481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/vfio/pci.c
@@ -0,0 +1,4479 @@
+/*
+ * vfio based device assignment support
+ *
+ * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2012
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ *  Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See
+ * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ * Based on qemu-kvm device-assignment:
+ *  Adapted for KVM by Qumranet.
+ *  Copyright (c) 2007, Neocleus, Alex Novik (alex@neocleus.com)
+ *  Copyright (c) 2007, Neocleus, Guy Zana (guy@neocleus.com)
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008, Qumranet, Amit Shah (amit.shah@qumranet.com)
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008, Red Hat, Amit Shah (amit.shah@redhat.com)
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008, IBM, Muli Ben-Yehuda (muli@il.ibm.com)
+ */
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <linux/vfio.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "config.h"
+#include "exec/address-spaces.h"
+#include "exec/memory.h"
+#include "hw/pci/msi.h"
+#include "hw/pci/msix.h"
+#include "hw/pci/pci.h"
+#include "qemu-common.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "qemu/event_notifier.h"
+#include "qemu/queue.h"
+#include "qemu/range.h"
+#include "sysemu/kvm.h"
+#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+#include "hw/vfio/vfio.h"
+
+/* Extra debugging, trap acceleration paths for more logging */
+#define VFIO_ALLOW_MMAP 1
+#define VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_INTX 1
+#define VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSI 1
+#define VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSIX 1
+
+struct VFIODevice;
+
+typedef struct VFIOQuirk {
+    MemoryRegion mem;
+    struct VFIODevice *vdev;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOQuirk) next;
+    struct {
+        uint32_t base_offset:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
+        uint32_t address_offset:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
+        uint32_t address_size:3;
+        uint32_t bar:3;
+
+        uint32_t address_match;
+        uint32_t address_mask;
+
+        uint32_t address_val:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
+        uint32_t data_offset:TARGET_PAGE_BITS;
+        uint32_t data_size:3;
+
+        uint8_t flags;
+        uint8_t read_flags;
+        uint8_t write_flags;
+    } data;
+} VFIOQuirk;
+
+typedef struct VFIOBAR {
+    off_t fd_offset; /* offset of BAR within device fd */
+    int fd; /* device fd, allows us to pass VFIOBAR as opaque data */
+    MemoryRegion mem; /* slow, read/write access */
+    MemoryRegion mmap_mem; /* direct mapped access */
+    void *mmap;
+    size_t size;
+    uint32_t flags; /* VFIO region flags (rd/wr/mmap) */
+    uint8_t nr; /* cache the BAR number for debug */
+    bool ioport;
+    bool mem64;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOQuirk) quirks;
+} VFIOBAR;
+
+typedef struct VFIOVGARegion {
+    MemoryRegion mem;
+    off_t offset;
+    int nr;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOQuirk) quirks;
+} VFIOVGARegion;
+
+typedef struct VFIOVGA {
+    off_t fd_offset;
+    int fd;
+    VFIOVGARegion region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_NUM_REGIONS];
+} VFIOVGA;
+
+typedef struct VFIOINTx {
+    bool pending; /* interrupt pending */
+    bool kvm_accel; /* set when QEMU bypass through KVM enabled */
+    uint8_t pin; /* which pin to pull for qemu_set_irq */
+    EventNotifier interrupt; /* eventfd triggered on interrupt */
+    EventNotifier unmask; /* eventfd for unmask on QEMU bypass */
+    PCIINTxRoute route; /* routing info for QEMU bypass */
+    uint32_t mmap_timeout; /* delay to re-enable mmaps after interrupt */
+    QEMUTimer *mmap_timer; /* enable mmaps after periods w/o interrupts */
+} VFIOINTx;
+
+typedef struct VFIOMSIVector {
+    /*
+     * Two interrupt paths are configured per vector.  The first, is only used
+     * for interrupts injected via QEMU.  This is typically the non-accel path,
+     * but may also be used when we want QEMU to handle masking and pending
+     * bits.  The KVM path bypasses QEMU and is therefore higher performance,
+     * but requires masking at the device.  virq is used to track the MSI route
+     * through KVM, thus kvm_interrupt is only available when virq is set to a
+     * valid (>= 0) value.
+     */
+    EventNotifier interrupt;
+    EventNotifier kvm_interrupt;
+    struct VFIODevice *vdev; /* back pointer to device */
+    int virq;
+    bool use;
+} VFIOMSIVector;
+
+enum {
+    VFIO_INT_NONE = 0,
+    VFIO_INT_INTx = 1,
+    VFIO_INT_MSI  = 2,
+    VFIO_INT_MSIX = 3,
+};
+
+typedef struct VFIOAddressSpace {
+    AddressSpace *as;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOContainer) containers;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOAddressSpace) list;
+} VFIOAddressSpace;
+
+static QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOAddressSpace) vfio_address_spaces =
+    QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vfio_address_spaces);
+
+struct VFIOGroup;
+
+typedef struct VFIOType1 {
+    MemoryListener listener;
+    int error;
+    bool initialized;
+} VFIOType1;
+
+typedef struct VFIOContainer {
+    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
+    int fd; /* /dev/vfio/vfio, empowered by the attached groups */
+    struct {
+        /* enable abstraction to support various iommu backends */
+        union {
+            VFIOType1 type1;
+        };
+        void (*release)(struct VFIOContainer *);
+    } iommu_data;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_list;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGroup) group_list;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOContainer) next;
+} VFIOContainer;
+
+typedef struct VFIOGuestIOMMU {
+    VFIOContainer *container;
+    MemoryRegion *iommu;
+    Notifier n;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_next;
+} VFIOGuestIOMMU;
+
+/* Cache of MSI-X setup plus extra mmap and memory region for split BAR map */
+typedef struct VFIOMSIXInfo {
+    uint8_t table_bar;
+    uint8_t pba_bar;
+    uint16_t entries;
+    uint32_t table_offset;
+    uint32_t pba_offset;
+    MemoryRegion mmap_mem;
+    void *mmap;
+} VFIOMSIXInfo;
+
+typedef struct VFIODevice {
+    PCIDevice pdev;
+    int fd;
+    VFIOINTx intx;
+    unsigned int config_size;
+    uint8_t *emulated_config_bits; /* QEMU emulated bits, little-endian */
+    off_t config_offset; /* Offset of config space region within device fd */
+    unsigned int rom_size;
+    off_t rom_offset; /* Offset of ROM region within device fd */
+    void *rom;
+    int msi_cap_size;
+    VFIOMSIVector *msi_vectors;
+    VFIOMSIXInfo *msix;
+    int nr_vectors; /* Number of MSI/MSIX vectors currently in use */
+    int interrupt; /* Current interrupt type */
+    VFIOBAR bars[PCI_NUM_REGIONS - 1]; /* No ROM */
+    VFIOVGA vga; /* 0xa0000, 0x3b0, 0x3c0 */
+    PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIODevice) next;
+    struct VFIOGroup *group;
+    EventNotifier err_notifier;
+    uint32_t features;
+#define VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA_BIT 0
+#define VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA (1 << VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA_BIT)
+    int32_t bootindex;
+    uint8_t pm_cap;
+    bool reset_works;
+    bool has_vga;
+    bool pci_aer;
+    bool has_flr;
+    bool has_pm_reset;
+    bool needs_reset;
+    bool rom_read_failed;
+} VFIODevice;
+
+typedef struct VFIOGroup {
+    int fd;
+    int groupid;
+    VFIOContainer *container;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIODevice) device_list;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGroup) next;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGroup) container_next;
+} VFIOGroup;
+
+typedef struct VFIORomBlacklistEntry {
+    uint16_t vendor_id;
+    uint16_t device_id;
+} VFIORomBlacklistEntry;
+
+/*
+ * List of device ids/vendor ids for which to disable
+ * option rom loading. This avoids the guest hangs during rom
+ * execution as noticed with the BCM 57810 card for lack of a
+ * more better way to handle such issues.
+ * The  user can still override by specifying a romfile or
+ * rombar=1.
+ * Please see https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1284874
+ * for an analysis of the 57810 card hang. When adding
+ * a new vendor id/device id combination below, please also add
+ * your card/environment details and information that could
+ * help in debugging to the bug tracking this issue
+ */
+static const VFIORomBlacklistEntry romblacklist[] = {
+    /* Broadcom BCM 57810 */
+    { 0x14e4, 0x168e }
+};
+
+#define MSIX_CAP_LENGTH 12
+
+static QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGroup)
+    group_list = QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(group_list);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
+/*
+ * We have a single VFIO pseudo device per KVM VM.  Once created it lives
+ * for the life of the VM.  Closing the file descriptor only drops our
+ * reference to it and the device's reference to kvm.  Therefore once
+ * initialized, this file descriptor is only released on QEMU exit and
+ * we'll re-use it should another vfio device be attached before then.
+ */
+static int vfio_kvm_device_fd = -1;
+#endif
+
+static void vfio_disable_interrupts(VFIODevice *vdev);
+static uint32_t vfio_pci_read_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr, int len);
+static void vfio_pci_write_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr,
+                                  uint32_t val, int len);
+static void vfio_mmap_set_enabled(VFIODevice *vdev, bool enabled);
+
+/*
+ * Common VFIO interrupt disable
+ */
+static void vfio_disable_irqindex(VFIODevice *vdev, int index)
+{
+    struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
+        .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER,
+        .index = index,
+        .start = 0,
+        .count = 0,
+    };
+
+    ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
+}
+
+/*
+ * INTx
+ */
+static void vfio_unmask_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
+        .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_UNMASK,
+        .index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX,
+        .start = 0,
+        .count = 1,
+    };
+
+    ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM /* Unused outside of CONFIG_KVM code */
+static void vfio_mask_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
+        .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_MASK,
+        .index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX,
+        .start = 0,
+        .count = 1,
+    };
+
+    ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Disabling BAR mmaping can be slow, but toggling it around INTx can
+ * also be a huge overhead.  We try to get the best of both worlds by
+ * waiting until an interrupt to disable mmaps (subsequent transitions
+ * to the same state are effectively no overhead).  If the interrupt has
+ * been serviced and the time gap is long enough, we re-enable mmaps for
+ * performance.  This works well for things like graphics cards, which
+ * may not use their interrupt at all and are penalized to an unusable
+ * level by read/write BAR traps.  Other devices, like NICs, have more
+ * regular interrupts and see much better latency by staying in non-mmap
+ * mode.  We therefore set the default mmap_timeout such that a ping
+ * is just enough to keep the mmap disabled.  Users can experiment with
+ * other options with the x-intx-mmap-timeout-ms parameter (a value of
+ * zero disables the timer).
+ */
+static void vfio_intx_mmap_enable(void *opaque)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
+
+    if (vdev->intx.pending) {
+        timer_mod(vdev->intx.mmap_timer,
+                       qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + vdev->intx.mmap_timeout);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vfio_mmap_set_enabled(vdev, true);
+}
+
+static void vfio_intx_interrupt(void *opaque)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
+
+    if (!event_notifier_test_and_clear(&vdev->intx.interrupt)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_intx_interrupt(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                              vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                              'A' + vdev->intx.pin);
+
+    vdev->intx.pending = true;
+    pci_irq_assert(&vdev->pdev);
+    vfio_mmap_set_enabled(vdev, false);
+    if (vdev->intx.mmap_timeout) {
+        timer_mod(vdev->intx.mmap_timer,
+                       qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + vdev->intx.mmap_timeout);
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_eoi(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    if (!vdev->intx.pending) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_eoi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                   vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+    vdev->intx.pending = false;
+    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
+    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
+}
+
+static void vfio_enable_intx_kvm(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
+    struct kvm_irqfd irqfd = {
+        .fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt),
+        .gsi = vdev->intx.route.irq,
+        .flags = KVM_IRQFD_FLAG_RESAMPLE,
+    };
+    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
+    int ret, argsz;
+    int32_t *pfd;
+
+    if (!VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_INTX || !kvm_irqfds_enabled() ||
+        vdev->intx.route.mode != PCI_INTX_ENABLED ||
+        !kvm_resamplefds_enabled()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Get to a known interrupt state */
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(irqfd.fd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
+    vfio_mask_intx(vdev);
+    vdev->intx.pending = false;
+    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
+
+    /* Get an eventfd for resample/unmask */
+    if (event_notifier_init(&vdev->intx.unmask, 0)) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed eoi");
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    /* KVM triggers it, VFIO listens for it */
+    irqfd.resamplefd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.unmask);
+
+    if (kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_IRQFD, &irqfd)) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup resample irqfd: %m");
+        goto fail_irqfd;
+    }
+
+    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
+
+    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
+    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
+    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_UNMASK;
+    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX;
+    irq_set->start = 0;
+    irq_set->count = 1;
+    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
+
+    *pfd = irqfd.resamplefd;
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
+    g_free(irq_set);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup INTx unmask fd: %m");
+        goto fail_vfio;
+    }
+
+    /* Let'em rip */
+    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
+
+    vdev->intx.kvm_accel = true;
+
+    trace_vfio_enable_intx_kvm(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                               vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+    return;
+
+fail_vfio:
+    irqfd.flags = KVM_IRQFD_FLAG_DEASSIGN;
+    kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_IRQFD, &irqfd);
+fail_irqfd:
+    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.unmask);
+fail:
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(irqfd.fd, vfio_intx_interrupt, NULL, vdev);
+    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void vfio_disable_intx_kvm(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
+    struct kvm_irqfd irqfd = {
+        .fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt),
+        .gsi = vdev->intx.route.irq,
+        .flags = KVM_IRQFD_FLAG_DEASSIGN,
+    };
+
+    if (!vdev->intx.kvm_accel) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Get to a known state, hardware masked, QEMU ready to accept new
+     * interrupts, QEMU IRQ de-asserted.
+     */
+    vfio_mask_intx(vdev);
+    vdev->intx.pending = false;
+    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
+
+    /* Tell KVM to stop listening for an INTx irqfd */
+    if (kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_IRQFD, &irqfd)) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to disable INTx irqfd: %m");
+    }
+
+    /* We only need to close the eventfd for VFIO to cleanup the kernel side */
+    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.unmask);
+
+    /* QEMU starts listening for interrupt events. */
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(irqfd.fd, vfio_intx_interrupt, NULL, vdev);
+
+    vdev->intx.kvm_accel = false;
+
+    /* If we've missed an event, let it re-fire through QEMU */
+    vfio_unmask_intx(vdev);
+
+    trace_vfio_disable_intx_kvm(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void vfio_update_irq(PCIDevice *pdev)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+    PCIINTxRoute route;
+
+    if (vdev->interrupt != VFIO_INT_INTx) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    route = pci_device_route_intx_to_irq(&vdev->pdev, vdev->intx.pin);
+
+    if (!pci_intx_route_changed(&vdev->intx.route, &route)) {
+        return; /* Nothing changed */
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_update_irq(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                          vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                          vdev->intx.route.irq, route.irq);
+
+    vfio_disable_intx_kvm(vdev);
+
+    vdev->intx.route = route;
+
+    if (route.mode != PCI_INTX_ENABLED) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vfio_enable_intx_kvm(vdev);
+
+    /* Re-enable the interrupt in cased we missed an EOI */
+    vfio_eoi(vdev);
+}
+
+static int vfio_enable_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    uint8_t pin = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev, PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN, 1);
+    int ret, argsz;
+    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
+    int32_t *pfd;
+
+    if (!pin) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
+
+    vdev->intx.pin = pin - 1; /* Pin A (1) -> irq[0] */
+    pci_config_set_interrupt_pin(vdev->pdev.config, pin);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
+    /*
+     * Only conditional to avoid generating error messages on platforms
+     * where we won't actually use the result anyway.
+     */
+    if (kvm_irqfds_enabled() && kvm_resamplefds_enabled()) {
+        vdev->intx.route = pci_device_route_intx_to_irq(&vdev->pdev,
+                                                        vdev->intx.pin);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    ret = event_notifier_init(&vdev->intx.interrupt, 0);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed");
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
+
+    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
+    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
+    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
+    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX;
+    irq_set->start = 0;
+    irq_set->count = 1;
+    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
+
+    *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, vfio_intx_interrupt, NULL, vdev);
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
+    g_free(irq_set);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup INTx fd: %m");
+        qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
+        event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    vfio_enable_intx_kvm(vdev);
+
+    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_INTx;
+
+    trace_vfio_enable_intx(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                           vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void vfio_disable_intx(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int fd;
+
+    timer_del(vdev->intx.mmap_timer);
+    vfio_disable_intx_kvm(vdev);
+    vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX);
+    vdev->intx.pending = false;
+    pci_irq_deassert(&vdev->pdev);
+    vfio_mmap_set_enabled(vdev, true);
+
+    fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(fd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
+    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->intx.interrupt);
+
+    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_NONE;
+
+    trace_vfio_disable_intx(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+/*
+ * MSI/X
+ */
+static void vfio_msi_interrupt(void *opaque)
+{
+    VFIOMSIVector *vector = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = vector->vdev;
+    int nr = vector - vdev->msi_vectors;
+
+    if (!event_notifier_test_and_clear(&vector->interrupt)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_VFIO
+    MSIMessage msg;
+
+    if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSIX) {
+        msg = msix_get_message(&vdev->pdev, nr);
+    } else if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSI) {
+        msg = msi_get_message(&vdev->pdev, nr);
+    } else {
+        abort();
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_msi_interrupt(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                             vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                             nr, msg.address, msg.data);
+#endif
+
+    if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSIX) {
+        msix_notify(&vdev->pdev, nr);
+    } else if (vdev->interrupt == VFIO_INT_MSI) {
+        msi_notify(&vdev->pdev, nr);
+    } else {
+        error_report("vfio: MSI interrupt receieved, but not enabled?");
+    }
+}
+
+static int vfio_enable_vectors(VFIODevice *vdev, bool msix)
+{
+    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
+    int ret = 0, i, argsz;
+    int32_t *fds;
+
+    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + (vdev->nr_vectors * sizeof(*fds));
+
+    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
+    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
+    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
+    irq_set->index = msix ? VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX : VFIO_PCI_MSI_IRQ_INDEX;
+    irq_set->start = 0;
+    irq_set->count = vdev->nr_vectors;
+    fds = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
+        int fd = -1;
+
+        /*
+         * MSI vs MSI-X - The guest has direct access to MSI mask and pending
+         * bits, therefore we always use the KVM signaling path when setup.
+         * MSI-X mask and pending bits are emulated, so we want to use the
+         * KVM signaling path only when configured and unmasked.
+         */
+        if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].use) {
+            if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].virq < 0 ||
+                (msix && msix_is_masked(&vdev->pdev, i))) {
+                fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->msi_vectors[i].interrupt);
+            } else {
+                fd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->msi_vectors[i].kvm_interrupt);
+            }
+        }
+
+        fds[i] = fd;
+    }
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
+
+    g_free(irq_set);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void vfio_add_kvm_msi_virq(VFIOMSIVector *vector, MSIMessage *msg,
+                                  bool msix)
+{
+    int virq;
+
+    if ((msix && !VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSIX) ||
+        (!msix && !VFIO_ALLOW_KVM_MSI) || !msg) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (event_notifier_init(&vector->kvm_interrupt, 0)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    virq = kvm_irqchip_add_msi_route(kvm_state, *msg);
+    if (virq < 0) {
+        event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (kvm_irqchip_add_irqfd_notifier(kvm_state, &vector->kvm_interrupt,
+                                       NULL, virq) < 0) {
+        kvm_irqchip_release_virq(kvm_state, virq);
+        event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vector->virq = virq;
+}
+
+static void vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(VFIOMSIVector *vector)
+{
+    kvm_irqchip_remove_irqfd_notifier(kvm_state, &vector->kvm_interrupt,
+                                      vector->virq);
+    kvm_irqchip_release_virq(kvm_state, vector->virq);
+    vector->virq = -1;
+    event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
+}
+
+static void vfio_update_kvm_msi_virq(VFIOMSIVector *vector, MSIMessage msg)
+{
+    kvm_irqchip_update_msi_route(kvm_state, vector->virq, msg);
+}
+
+static int vfio_msix_vector_do_use(PCIDevice *pdev, unsigned int nr,
+                                   MSIMessage *msg, IOHandler *handler)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+    VFIOMSIVector *vector;
+    int ret;
+
+    trace_vfio_msix_vector_do_use(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                                  nr);
+
+    vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[nr];
+
+    if (!vector->use) {
+        vector->vdev = vdev;
+        vector->virq = -1;
+        if (event_notifier_init(&vector->interrupt, 0)) {
+            error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed");
+        }
+        vector->use = true;
+        msix_vector_use(pdev, nr);
+    }
+
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
+                        handler, NULL, vector);
+
+    /*
+     * Attempt to enable route through KVM irqchip,
+     * default to userspace handling if unavailable.
+     */
+    if (vector->virq >= 0) {
+        if (!msg) {
+            vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(vector);
+        } else {
+            vfio_update_kvm_msi_virq(vector, *msg);
+        }
+    } else {
+        vfio_add_kvm_msi_virq(vector, msg, true);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * We don't want to have the host allocate all possible MSI vectors
+     * for a device if they're not in use, so we shutdown and incrementally
+     * increase them as needed.
+     */
+    if (vdev->nr_vectors < nr + 1) {
+        vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX);
+        vdev->nr_vectors = nr + 1;
+        ret = vfio_enable_vectors(vdev, true);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to enable vectors, %d", ret);
+        }
+    } else {
+        int argsz;
+        struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
+        int32_t *pfd;
+
+        argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
+
+        irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
+        irq_set->argsz = argsz;
+        irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
+                         VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
+        irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX;
+        irq_set->start = nr;
+        irq_set->count = 1;
+        pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
+
+        if (vector->virq >= 0) {
+            *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->kvm_interrupt);
+        } else {
+            *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt);
+        }
+
+        ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
+        g_free(irq_set);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to modify vector, %d", ret);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vfio_msix_vector_use(PCIDevice *pdev,
+                                unsigned int nr, MSIMessage msg)
+{
+    return vfio_msix_vector_do_use(pdev, nr, &msg, vfio_msi_interrupt);
+}
+
+static void vfio_msix_vector_release(PCIDevice *pdev, unsigned int nr)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+    VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[nr];
+
+    trace_vfio_msix_vector_release(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                   vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                                   nr);
+
+    /*
+     * There are still old guests that mask and unmask vectors on every
+     * interrupt.  If we're using QEMU bypass with a KVM irqfd, leave all of
+     * the KVM setup in place, simply switch VFIO to use the non-bypass
+     * eventfd.  We'll then fire the interrupt through QEMU and the MSI-X
+     * core will mask the interrupt and set pending bits, allowing it to
+     * be re-asserted on unmask.  Nothing to do if already using QEMU mode.
+     */
+    if (vector->virq >= 0) {
+        int argsz;
+        struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
+        int32_t *pfd;
+
+        argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
+
+        irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
+        irq_set->argsz = argsz;
+        irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
+                         VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
+        irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX;
+        irq_set->start = nr;
+        irq_set->count = 1;
+        pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
+
+        *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt);
+
+        ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
+
+        g_free(irq_set);
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_enable_msix(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
+
+    vdev->msi_vectors = g_malloc0(vdev->msix->entries * sizeof(VFIOMSIVector));
+
+    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_MSIX;
+
+    /*
+     * Some communication channels between VF & PF or PF & fw rely on the
+     * physical state of the device and expect that enabling MSI-X from the
+     * guest enables the same on the host.  When our guest is Linux, the
+     * guest driver call to pci_enable_msix() sets the enabling bit in the
+     * MSI-X capability, but leaves the vector table masked.  We therefore
+     * can't rely on a vector_use callback (from request_irq() in the guest)
+     * to switch the physical device into MSI-X mode because that may come a
+     * long time after pci_enable_msix().  This code enables vector 0 with
+     * triggering to userspace, then immediately release the vector, leaving
+     * the physical device with no vectors enabled, but MSI-X enabled, just
+     * like the guest view.
+     */
+    vfio_msix_vector_do_use(&vdev->pdev, 0, NULL, NULL);
+    vfio_msix_vector_release(&vdev->pdev, 0);
+
+    if (msix_set_vector_notifiers(&vdev->pdev, vfio_msix_vector_use,
+                                  vfio_msix_vector_release, NULL)) {
+        error_report("vfio: msix_set_vector_notifiers failed");
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_enable_msix(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                           vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+static void vfio_enable_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int ret, i;
+
+    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
+
+    vdev->nr_vectors = msi_nr_vectors_allocated(&vdev->pdev);
+retry:
+    vdev->msi_vectors = g_malloc0(vdev->nr_vectors * sizeof(VFIOMSIVector));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
+        VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
+        MSIMessage msg = msi_get_message(&vdev->pdev, i);
+
+        vector->vdev = vdev;
+        vector->virq = -1;
+        vector->use = true;
+
+        if (event_notifier_init(&vector->interrupt, 0)) {
+            error_report("vfio: Error: event_notifier_init failed");
+        }
+
+        qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
+                            vfio_msi_interrupt, NULL, vector);
+
+        /*
+         * Attempt to enable route through KVM irqchip,
+         * default to userspace handling if unavailable.
+         */
+        vfio_add_kvm_msi_virq(vector, &msg, false);
+    }
+
+    /* Set interrupt type prior to possible interrupts */
+    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_MSI;
+
+    ret = vfio_enable_vectors(vdev, false);
+    if (ret) {
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to setup MSI fds: %m");
+        } else if (ret != vdev->nr_vectors) {
+            error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to enable %d "
+                         "MSI vectors, retry with %d", vdev->nr_vectors, ret);
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
+            VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
+            if (vector->virq >= 0) {
+                vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(vector);
+            }
+            qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
+                                NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->interrupt);
+        }
+
+        g_free(vdev->msi_vectors);
+
+        if (ret > 0 && ret != vdev->nr_vectors) {
+            vdev->nr_vectors = ret;
+            goto retry;
+        }
+        vdev->nr_vectors = 0;
+
+        /*
+         * Failing to setup MSI doesn't really fall within any specification.
+         * Let's try leaving interrupts disabled and hope the guest figures
+         * out to fall back to INTx for this device.
+         */
+        error_report("vfio: Error: Failed to enable MSI");
+        vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_NONE;
+
+        return;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_enable_msi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                          vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                          vdev->nr_vectors);
+}
+
+static void vfio_disable_msi_common(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
+        VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
+        if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].use) {
+            if (vector->virq >= 0) {
+                vfio_remove_kvm_msi_virq(vector);
+            }
+            qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vector->interrupt),
+                                NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            event_notifier_cleanup(&vector->interrupt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_free(vdev->msi_vectors);
+    vdev->msi_vectors = NULL;
+    vdev->nr_vectors = 0;
+    vdev->interrupt = VFIO_INT_NONE;
+
+    vfio_enable_intx(vdev);
+}
+
+static void vfio_disable_msix(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    msix_unset_vector_notifiers(&vdev->pdev);
+
+    /*
+     * MSI-X will only release vectors if MSI-X is still enabled on the
+     * device, check through the rest and release it ourselves if necessary.
+     */
+    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
+        if (vdev->msi_vectors[i].use) {
+            vfio_msix_vector_release(&vdev->pdev, i);
+            msix_vector_unuse(&vdev->pdev, i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (vdev->nr_vectors) {
+        vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX);
+    }
+
+    vfio_disable_msi_common(vdev);
+
+    trace_vfio_disable_msix(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+static void vfio_disable_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    vfio_disable_irqindex(vdev, VFIO_PCI_MSI_IRQ_INDEX);
+    vfio_disable_msi_common(vdev);
+
+    trace_vfio_disable_msi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                           vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+static void vfio_update_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < vdev->nr_vectors; i++) {
+        VFIOMSIVector *vector = &vdev->msi_vectors[i];
+        MSIMessage msg;
+
+        if (!vector->use || vector->virq < 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        msg = msi_get_message(&vdev->pdev, i);
+        vfio_update_kvm_msi_virq(vector, msg);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * IO Port/MMIO - Beware of the endians, VFIO is always little endian
+ */
+static void vfio_bar_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                           uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOBAR *bar = opaque;
+    union {
+        uint8_t byte;
+        uint16_t word;
+        uint32_t dword;
+        uint64_t qword;
+    } buf;
+
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+        buf.byte = data;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        buf.word = cpu_to_le16(data);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        buf.dword = cpu_to_le32(data);
+        break;
+    default:
+        hw_error("vfio: unsupported write size, %d bytes", size);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (pwrite(bar->fd, &buf, size, bar->fd_offset + addr) != size) {
+        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", 0x%"PRIx64", %d) failed: %m",
+                     __func__, addr, data, size);
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_VFIO
+    {
+        VFIODevice *vdev = container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]);
+
+        trace_vfio_bar_write(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                             vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                             region->nr, addr, data, size);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /*
+     * A read or write to a BAR always signals an INTx EOI.  This will
+     * do nothing if not pending (including not in INTx mode).  We assume
+     * that a BAR access is in response to an interrupt and that BAR
+     * accesses will service the interrupt.  Unfortunately, we don't know
+     * which access will service the interrupt, so we're potentially
+     * getting quite a few host interrupts per guest interrupt.
+     */
+    vfio_eoi(container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]));
+}
+
+static uint64_t vfio_bar_read(void *opaque,
+                              hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOBAR *bar = opaque;
+    union {
+        uint8_t byte;
+        uint16_t word;
+        uint32_t dword;
+        uint64_t qword;
+    } buf;
+    uint64_t data = 0;
+
+    if (pread(bar->fd, &buf, size, bar->fd_offset + addr) != size) {
+        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %d) failed: %m",
+                     __func__, addr, size);
+        return (uint64_t)-1;
+    }
+
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+        data = buf.byte;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        data = le16_to_cpu(buf.word);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        data = le32_to_cpu(buf.dword);
+        break;
+    default:
+        hw_error("vfio: unsupported read size, %d bytes", size);
+        break;
+    }
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_VFIO
+    {
+        VFIODevice *vdev = container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]);
+
+        trace_vfio_bar_read(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                            region->nr, addr, size, data);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Same as write above */
+    vfio_eoi(container_of(bar, VFIODevice, bars[bar->nr]));
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_bar_ops = {
+    .read = vfio_bar_read,
+    .write = vfio_bar_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+static void vfio_pci_load_rom(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    struct vfio_region_info reg_info = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(reg_info),
+        .index = VFIO_PCI_ROM_REGION_INDEX
+    };
+    uint64_t size;
+    off_t off = 0;
+    size_t bytes;
+
+    if (ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &reg_info)) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error getting ROM info: %m");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_load_rom(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                            (unsigned long)reg_info.size,
+                            (unsigned long)reg_info.offset,
+                            (unsigned long)reg_info.flags);
+
+    vdev->rom_size = size = reg_info.size;
+    vdev->rom_offset = reg_info.offset;
+
+    if (!vdev->rom_size) {
+        vdev->rom_read_failed = true;
+        error_report("vfio-pci: Cannot read device rom at "
+                    "%04x:%02x:%02x.%x",
+                    vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+                    vdev->host.function);
+        error_printf("Device option ROM contents are probably invalid "
+                    "(check dmesg).\nSkip option ROM probe with rombar=0, "
+                    "or load from file with romfile=\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vdev->rom = g_malloc(size);
+    memset(vdev->rom, 0xff, size);
+
+    while (size) {
+        bytes = pread(vdev->fd, vdev->rom + off, size, vdev->rom_offset + off);
+        if (bytes == 0) {
+            break;
+        } else if (bytes > 0) {
+            off += bytes;
+            size -= bytes;
+        } else {
+            if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            error_report("vfio: Error reading device ROM: %m");
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static uint64_t vfio_rom_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
+    union {
+        uint8_t byte;
+        uint16_t word;
+        uint32_t dword;
+        uint64_t qword;
+    } val;
+    uint64_t data = 0;
+
+    /* Load the ROM lazily when the guest tries to read it */
+    if (unlikely(!vdev->rom && !vdev->rom_read_failed)) {
+        vfio_pci_load_rom(vdev);
+    }
+
+    memcpy(&val, vdev->rom + addr,
+           (addr < vdev->rom_size) ? MIN(size, vdev->rom_size - addr) : 0);
+
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+        data = val.byte;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        data = le16_to_cpu(val.word);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        data = le32_to_cpu(val.dword);
+        break;
+    default:
+        hw_error("vfio: unsupported read size, %d bytes\n", size);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_rom_read(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                        vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                        addr, size, data);
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+static void vfio_rom_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                           uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_rom_ops = {
+    .read = vfio_rom_read,
+    .write = vfio_rom_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+static bool vfio_blacklist_opt_rom(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    uint16_t vendor_id, device_id;
+    int count = 0;
+
+    vendor_id = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID);
+    device_id = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_DEVICE_ID);
+
+    while (count < ARRAY_SIZE(romblacklist)) {
+        if (romblacklist[count].vendor_id == vendor_id &&
+            romblacklist[count].device_id == device_id) {
+                return true;
+        }
+        count++;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+static void vfio_pci_size_rom(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    uint32_t orig, size = cpu_to_le32((uint32_t)PCI_ROM_ADDRESS_MASK);
+    off_t offset = vdev->config_offset + PCI_ROM_ADDRESS;
+    DeviceState *dev = DEVICE(vdev);
+    char name[32];
+
+    if (vdev->pdev.romfile || !vdev->pdev.rom_bar) {
+        /* Since pci handles romfile, just print a message and return */
+        if (vfio_blacklist_opt_rom(vdev) && vdev->pdev.romfile) {
+            error_printf("Warning : Device at %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
+                         "is known to cause system instability issues during "
+                         "option rom execution. "
+                         "Proceeding anyway since user specified romfile\n",
+                         vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+                         vdev->host.function);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Use the same size ROM BAR as the physical device.  The contents
+     * will get filled in later when the guest tries to read it.
+     */
+    if (pread(vdev->fd, &orig, 4, offset) != 4 ||
+        pwrite(vdev->fd, &size, 4, offset) != 4 ||
+        pread(vdev->fd, &size, 4, offset) != 4 ||
+        pwrite(vdev->fd, &orig, 4, offset) != 4) {
+        error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x) failed: %m",
+                     __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                     vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    size = ~(le32_to_cpu(size) & PCI_ROM_ADDRESS_MASK) + 1;
+
+    if (!size) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (vfio_blacklist_opt_rom(vdev)) {
+        if (dev->opts && qemu_opt_get(dev->opts, "rombar")) {
+            error_printf("Warning : Device at %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
+                         "is known to cause system instability issues during "
+                         "option rom execution. "
+                         "Proceeding anyway since user specified non zero value for "
+                         "rombar\n",
+                         vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+                         vdev->host.function);
+        } else {
+            error_printf("Warning : Rom loading for device at "
+                         "%04x:%02x:%02x.%x has been disabled due to "
+                         "system instability issues. "
+                         "Specify rombar=1 or romfile to force\n",
+                         vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+                         vdev->host.function);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_size_rom(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                            size);
+
+    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "vfio[%04x:%02x:%02x.%x].rom",
+             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+             vdev->host.function);
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&vdev->pdev.rom, OBJECT(vdev),
+                          &vfio_rom_ops, vdev, name, size);
+
+    pci_register_bar(&vdev->pdev, PCI_ROM_SLOT,
+                     PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_MEMORY, &vdev->pdev.rom);
+
+    vdev->pdev.has_rom = true;
+    vdev->rom_read_failed = false;
+}
+
+static void vfio_vga_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                           uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOVGARegion *region = opaque;
+    VFIOVGA *vga = container_of(region, VFIOVGA, region[region->nr]);
+    union {
+        uint8_t byte;
+        uint16_t word;
+        uint32_t dword;
+        uint64_t qword;
+    } buf;
+    off_t offset = vga->fd_offset + region->offset + addr;
+
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+        buf.byte = data;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        buf.word = cpu_to_le16(data);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        buf.dword = cpu_to_le32(data);
+        break;
+    default:
+        hw_error("vfio: unsupported write size, %d bytes", size);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (pwrite(vga->fd, &buf, size, offset) != size) {
+        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", 0x%"PRIx64", %d) failed: %m",
+                     __func__, region->offset + addr, data, size);
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_vga_write(region->offset + addr, data, size);
+}
+
+static uint64_t vfio_vga_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOVGARegion *region = opaque;
+    VFIOVGA *vga = container_of(region, VFIOVGA, region[region->nr]);
+    union {
+        uint8_t byte;
+        uint16_t word;
+        uint32_t dword;
+        uint64_t qword;
+    } buf;
+    uint64_t data = 0;
+    off_t offset = vga->fd_offset + region->offset + addr;
+
+    if (pread(vga->fd, &buf, size, offset) != size) {
+        error_report("%s(,0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %d) failed: %m",
+                     __func__, region->offset + addr, size);
+        return (uint64_t)-1;
+    }
+
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+        data = buf.byte;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        data = le16_to_cpu(buf.word);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        data = le32_to_cpu(buf.dword);
+        break;
+    default:
+        hw_error("vfio: unsupported read size, %d bytes", size);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_vga_read(region->offset + addr, size, data);
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_vga_ops = {
+    .read = vfio_vga_read,
+    .write = vfio_vga_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Device specific quirks
+ */
+
+/* Is range1 fully contained within range2?  */
+static bool vfio_range_contained(uint64_t first1, uint64_t len1,
+                                 uint64_t first2, uint64_t len2) {
+    return (first1 >= first2 && first1 + len1 <= first2 + len2);
+}
+
+static bool vfio_flags_enabled(uint8_t flags, uint8_t mask)
+{
+    return (mask && (flags & mask) == mask);
+}
+
+static uint64_t vfio_generic_window_quirk_read(void *opaque,
+                                               hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+    uint64_t data;
+
+    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.read_flags) &&
+        ranges_overlap(addr, size,
+                       quirk->data.data_offset, quirk->data.data_size)) {
+        hwaddr offset = addr - quirk->data.data_offset;
+
+        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, quirk->data.data_offset,
+                                  quirk->data.data_size)) {
+            hw_error("%s: window data read not fully contained: %s",
+                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
+        }
+
+        data = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev,
+                                    quirk->data.address_val + offset, size);
+
+        trace_vfio_generic_window_quirk_read(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                                             vdev->host.domain,
+                                             vdev->host.bus,
+                                             vdev->host.slot,
+                                             vdev->host.function,
+                                             quirk->data.bar,
+                                             addr, size, data);
+    } else {
+        data = vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar],
+                             addr + quirk->data.base_offset, size);
+    }
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+static void vfio_generic_window_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                                            uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+
+    if (ranges_overlap(addr, size,
+                       quirk->data.address_offset, quirk->data.address_size)) {
+
+        if (addr != quirk->data.address_offset) {
+            hw_error("%s: offset write into address window: %s",
+                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
+        }
+
+        if ((data & ~quirk->data.address_mask) == quirk->data.address_match) {
+            quirk->data.flags |= quirk->data.write_flags |
+                                 quirk->data.read_flags;
+            quirk->data.address_val = data & quirk->data.address_mask;
+        } else {
+            quirk->data.flags &= ~(quirk->data.write_flags |
+                                   quirk->data.read_flags);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.write_flags) &&
+        ranges_overlap(addr, size,
+                       quirk->data.data_offset, quirk->data.data_size)) {
+        hwaddr offset = addr - quirk->data.data_offset;
+
+        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, quirk->data.data_offset,
+                                  quirk->data.data_size)) {
+            hw_error("%s: window data write not fully contained: %s",
+                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
+        }
+
+        vfio_pci_write_config(&vdev->pdev,
+                              quirk->data.address_val + offset, data, size);
+
+        trace_vfio_generic_window_quirk_write(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                                             vdev->host.domain,
+                                             vdev->host.bus,
+                                             vdev->host.slot,
+                                             vdev->host.function,
+                                             quirk->data.bar,
+                                             addr, data, size);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar],
+                   addr + quirk->data.base_offset, data, size);
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_generic_window_quirk = {
+    .read = vfio_generic_window_quirk_read,
+    .write = vfio_generic_window_quirk_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+static uint64_t vfio_generic_quirk_read(void *opaque,
+                                        hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+    hwaddr base = quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
+    hwaddr offset = quirk->data.address_match & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
+    uint64_t data;
+
+    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.read_flags) &&
+        ranges_overlap(addr, size, offset, quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
+        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, offset,
+                                  quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
+            hw_error("%s: read not fully contained: %s",
+                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
+        }
+
+        data = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev, addr - offset, size);
+
+        trace_vfio_generic_quirk_read(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                                      vdev->host.domain,
+                                      vdev->host.bus,
+                                      vdev->host.slot,
+                                      vdev->host.function,
+                                      quirk->data.bar,
+                                      addr + base, size, data);
+    } else {
+        data = vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + base, size);
+    }
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+static void vfio_generic_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                                     uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+    hwaddr base = quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
+    hwaddr offset = quirk->data.address_match & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
+
+    if (vfio_flags_enabled(quirk->data.flags, quirk->data.write_flags) &&
+        ranges_overlap(addr, size, offset, quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
+        if (!vfio_range_contained(addr, size, offset,
+                                  quirk->data.address_mask + 1)) {
+            hw_error("%s: write not fully contained: %s",
+                     __func__, memory_region_name(&quirk->mem));
+        }
+
+        vfio_pci_write_config(&vdev->pdev, addr - offset, data, size);
+
+        trace_vfio_generic_quirk_write(memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                                       vdev->host.domain,
+                                       vdev->host.bus,
+                                       vdev->host.slot,
+                                       vdev->host.function,
+                                       quirk->data.bar,
+                                       addr + base, data, size);
+    } else {
+        vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + base, data, size);
+    }
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_generic_quirk = {
+    .read = vfio_generic_quirk_read,
+    .write = vfio_generic_quirk_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+#define PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI               0x1002
+
+/*
+ * Radeon HD cards (HD5450 & HD7850) report the upper byte of the I/O port BAR
+ * through VGA register 0x3c3.  On newer cards, the I/O port BAR is always
+ * BAR4 (older cards like the X550 used BAR1, but we don't care to support
+ * those).  Note that on bare metal, a read of 0x3c3 doesn't always return the
+ * I/O port BAR address.  Originally this was coded to return the virtual BAR
+ * address only if the physical register read returns the actual BAR address,
+ * but users have reported greater success if we return the virtual address
+ * unconditionally.
+ */
+static uint64_t vfio_ati_3c3_quirk_read(void *opaque,
+                                        hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+    uint64_t data = vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev,
+                                         PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_0 + (4 * 4) + 1,
+                                         size);
+    trace_vfio_ati_3c3_quirk_read(data);
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_ati_3c3_quirk = {
+    .read = vfio_ati_3c3_quirk_read,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+static void vfio_vga_probe_ati_3c3_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+
+    if (pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * As long as the BAR is >= 256 bytes it will be aligned such that the
+     * lower byte is always zero.  Filter out anything else, if it exists.
+     */
+    if (!vdev->bars[4].ioport || vdev->bars[4].size < 256) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_ati_3c3_quirk, quirk,
+                          "vfio-ati-3c3-quirk", 1);
+    memory_region_add_subregion(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem,
+                                3 /* offset 3 bytes from 0x3c0 */, &quirk->mem);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].quirks,
+                      quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_vga_probe_ati_3c3_quirk(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                       vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Newer ATI/AMD devices, including HD5450 and HD7850, have a window to PCI
+ * config space through MMIO BAR2 at offset 0x4000.  Nothing seems to access
+ * the MMIO space directly, but a window to this space is provided through
+ * I/O port BAR4.  Offset 0x0 is the address register and offset 0x4 is the
+ * data register.  When the address is programmed to a range of 0x4000-0x4fff
+ * PCI configuration space is available.  Experimentation seems to indicate
+ * that only read-only access is provided, but we drop writes when the window
+ * is enabled to config space nonetheless.
+ */
+static void vfio_probe_ati_bar4_window_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+
+    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 4 ||
+        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+    quirk->data.address_size = 4;
+    quirk->data.data_offset = 4;
+    quirk->data.data_size = 4;
+    quirk->data.address_match = 0x4000;
+    quirk->data.address_mask = PCIE_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
+    quirk->data.bar = nr;
+    quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev),
+                          &vfio_generic_window_quirk, quirk,
+                          "vfio-ati-bar4-window-quirk", 8);
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
+                          quirk->data.base_offset, &quirk->mem, 1);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_probe_ati_bar4_window_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
+                                           vdev->host.bus,
+                                           vdev->host.slot,
+                                           vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+#define PCI_VENDOR_ID_REALTEK 0x10ec
+
+/*
+ * RTL8168 devices have a backdoor that can access the MSI-X table.  At BAR2
+ * offset 0x70 there is a dword data register, offset 0x74 is a dword address
+ * register.  According to the Linux r8169 driver, the MSI-X table is addressed
+ * when the "type" portion of the address register is set to 0x1.  This appears
+ * to be bits 16:30.  Bit 31 is both a write indicator and some sort of
+ * "address latched" indicator.  Bits 12:15 are a mask field, which we can
+ * ignore because the MSI-X table should always be accessed as a dword (full
+ * mask).  Bits 0:11 is offset within the type.
+ *
+ * Example trace:
+ *
+ * Read from MSI-X table offset 0
+ * vfio: vfio_bar_write(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 0x1f000, 4) // store read addr
+ * vfio: vfio_bar_read(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 4) = 0x8001f000 // latch
+ * vfio: vfio_bar_read(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x70, 4) = 0xfee00398 // read data
+ *
+ * Write 0xfee00000 to MSI-X table offset 0
+ * vfio: vfio_bar_write(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x70, 0xfee00000, 4) // write data
+ * vfio: vfio_bar_write(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 0x8001f000, 4) // do write
+ * vfio: vfio_bar_read(0000:05:00.0:BAR2+0x74, 4) = 0x1f000 // complete
+ */
+
+static uint64_t vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read(void *opaque,
+                                               hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+
+    switch (addr) {
+    case 4: /* address */
+        if (quirk->data.flags) {
+            trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read_fake(
+                    memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                    vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                    vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+            return quirk->data.address_match ^ 0x10000000U;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 0: /* data */
+        if (quirk->data.flags) {
+            uint64_t val;
+
+            trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read_table(
+                    memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                    vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                    vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function
+               );
+
+            if (!(vdev->pdev.cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX)) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            io_mem_read(&vdev->pdev.msix_table_mmio,
+                        (hwaddr)(quirk->data.address_match & 0xfff),
+                        &val, size);
+            return val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read_direct(
+                        memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                        vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                        vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+    return vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + 0x70, size);
+}
+
+static void vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                                            uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+
+    switch (addr) {
+    case 4: /* address */
+        if ((data & 0x7fff0000) == 0x10000) {
+            if (data & 0x10000000U &&
+                vdev->pdev.cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX) {
+
+                trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write_table(
+                        memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+                        vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                        vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+                io_mem_write(&vdev->pdev.msix_table_mmio,
+                             (hwaddr)(quirk->data.address_match & 0xfff),
+                             data, size);
+            }
+
+            quirk->data.flags = 1;
+            quirk->data.address_match = data;
+
+            return;
+        }
+        quirk->data.flags = 0;
+        break;
+    case 0: /* data */
+        quirk->data.address_mask = data;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write_direct(
+            memory_region_name(&quirk->mem),
+            vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+            vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+    vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + 0x70, data, size);
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk = {
+    .read = vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_read,
+    .write = vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk_write,
+    .valid = {
+        .min_access_size = 4,
+        .max_access_size = 4,
+        .unaligned = false,
+    },
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+static void vfio_probe_rtl8168_bar2_window_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+
+    if (pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_REALTEK ||
+        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_DEVICE_ID) != 0x8168 || nr != 2) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+    quirk->data.bar = nr;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_rtl8168_window_quirk,
+                          quirk, "vfio-rtl8168-window-quirk", 8);
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
+                                        0x70, &quirk->mem, 1);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_probe_rtl8168_bar2_window_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
+                                               vdev->host.bus,
+                                               vdev->host.slot,
+                                               vdev->host.function);
+}
+/*
+ * Trap the BAR2 MMIO window to config space as well.
+ */
+static void vfio_probe_ati_bar2_4000_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+
+    /* Only enable on newer devices where BAR2 is 64bit */
+    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 2 || !vdev->bars[2].mem64 ||
+        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_ATI) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+    quirk->data.flags = quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
+    quirk->data.address_match = 0x4000;
+    quirk->data.address_mask = PCIE_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
+    quirk->data.bar = nr;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_generic_quirk, quirk,
+                          "vfio-ati-bar2-4000-quirk",
+                          TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(quirk->data.address_mask + 1));
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
+                          quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
+                          &quirk->mem, 1);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_probe_ati_bar2_4000_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
+                                         vdev->host.bus,
+                                         vdev->host.slot,
+                                         vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Older ATI/AMD cards like the X550 have a similar window to that above.
+ * I/O port BAR1 provides a window to a mirror of PCI config space located
+ * in BAR2 at offset 0xf00.  We don't care to support such older cards, but
+ * note it for future reference.
+ */
+
+#define PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA                    0x10de
+
+/*
+ * Nvidia has several different methods to get to config space, the
+ * nouveu project has several of these documented here:
+ * https://github.com/pathscale/envytools/tree/master/hwdocs
+ *
+ * The first quirk is actually not documented in envytools and is found
+ * on 10de:01d1 (NVIDIA Corporation G72 [GeForce 7300 LE]).  This is an
+ * NV46 chipset.  The backdoor uses the legacy VGA I/O ports to access
+ * the mirror of PCI config space found at BAR0 offset 0x1800.  The access
+ * sequence first writes 0x338 to I/O port 0x3d4.  The target offset is
+ * then written to 0x3d0.  Finally 0x538 is written for a read and 0x738
+ * is written for a write to 0x3d4.  The BAR0 offset is then accessible
+ * through 0x3d0.  This quirk doesn't seem to be necessary on newer cards
+ * that use the I/O port BAR5 window but it doesn't hurt to leave it.
+ */
+enum {
+    NV_3D0_NONE = 0,
+    NV_3D0_SELECT,
+    NV_3D0_WINDOW,
+    NV_3D0_READ,
+    NV_3D0_WRITE,
+};
+
+static uint64_t vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_read(void *opaque,
+                                           hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    uint64_t data = vfio_vga_read(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI],
+                                  addr + quirk->data.base_offset, size);
+
+    if (quirk->data.flags == NV_3D0_READ && addr == quirk->data.data_offset) {
+        data = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, quirk->data.address_val, size);
+        trace_vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_read(size, data);
+    }
+
+    quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+static void vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                                        uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+
+    switch (quirk->data.flags) {
+    case NV_3D0_NONE:
+        if (addr == quirk->data.address_offset && data == 0x338) {
+            quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_SELECT;
+        }
+        break;
+    case NV_3D0_SELECT:
+        quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
+        if (addr == quirk->data.data_offset &&
+            (data & ~quirk->data.address_mask) == quirk->data.address_match) {
+            quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_WINDOW;
+            quirk->data.address_val = data & quirk->data.address_mask;
+        }
+        break;
+    case NV_3D0_WINDOW:
+        quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
+        if (addr == quirk->data.address_offset) {
+            if (data == 0x538) {
+                quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_READ;
+            } else if (data == 0x738) {
+                quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_WRITE;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    case NV_3D0_WRITE:
+        quirk->data.flags = NV_3D0_NONE;
+        if (addr == quirk->data.data_offset) {
+            vfio_pci_write_config(pdev, quirk->data.address_val, data, size);
+            trace_vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_write(data, size);
+            return;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+
+    vfio_vga_write(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI],
+                   addr + quirk->data.base_offset, data, size);
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk = {
+    .read = vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_read,
+    .write = vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+static void vfio_vga_probe_nvidia_3d0_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+
+    if (pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA ||
+        !vdev->bars[1].size) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+    quirk->data.base_offset = 0x10;
+    quirk->data.address_offset = 4;
+    quirk->data.address_size = 2;
+    quirk->data.address_match = 0x1800;
+    quirk->data.address_mask = PCI_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
+    quirk->data.data_offset = 0;
+    quirk->data.data_size = 4;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_nvidia_3d0_quirk,
+                          quirk, "vfio-nvidia-3d0-quirk", 6);
+    memory_region_add_subregion(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem,
+                                quirk->data.base_offset, &quirk->mem);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].quirks,
+                      quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_vga_probe_nvidia_3d0_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
+                                          vdev->host.bus,
+                                          vdev->host.slot,
+                                          vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The second quirk is documented in envytools.  The I/O port BAR5 is just
+ * a set of address/data ports to the MMIO BARs.  The BAR we care about is
+ * again BAR0.  This backdoor is apparently a bit newer than the one above
+ * so we need to not only trap 256 bytes @0x1800, but all of PCI config
+ * space, including extended space is available at the 4k @0x88000.
+ */
+enum {
+    NV_BAR5_ADDRESS = 0x1,
+    NV_BAR5_ENABLE = 0x2,
+    NV_BAR5_MASTER = 0x4,
+    NV_BAR5_VALID = 0x7,
+};
+
+static void vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                                                uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+
+    switch (addr) {
+    case 0x0:
+        if (data & 0x1) {
+            quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_MASTER;
+        } else {
+            quirk->data.flags &= ~NV_BAR5_MASTER;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 0x4:
+        if (data & 0x1) {
+            quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_ENABLE;
+        } else {
+            quirk->data.flags &= ~NV_BAR5_ENABLE;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 0x8:
+        if (quirk->data.flags & NV_BAR5_MASTER) {
+            if ((data & ~0xfff) == 0x88000) {
+                quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_ADDRESS;
+                quirk->data.address_val = data & 0xfff;
+            } else if ((data & ~0xff) == 0x1800) {
+                quirk->data.flags |= NV_BAR5_ADDRESS;
+                quirk->data.address_val = data & 0xff;
+            } else {
+                quirk->data.flags &= ~NV_BAR5_ADDRESS;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+
+    vfio_generic_window_quirk_write(opaque, addr, data, size);
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk = {
+    .read = vfio_generic_window_quirk_read,
+    .write = vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk_write,
+    .valid.min_access_size = 4,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+static void vfio_probe_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+
+    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 5 ||
+        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+    quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = NV_BAR5_VALID;
+    quirk->data.address_offset = 0x8;
+    quirk->data.address_size = 0; /* actually 4, but avoids generic code */
+    quirk->data.data_offset = 0xc;
+    quirk->data.data_size = 4;
+    quirk->data.bar = nr;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev),
+                          &vfio_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk, quirk,
+                          "vfio-nvidia-bar5-window-quirk", 16);
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem, 0, &quirk->mem, 1);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
+                                              vdev->host.bus,
+                                              vdev->host.slot,
+                                              vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+static void vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
+                                          uint64_t data, unsigned size)
+{
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk = opaque;
+    VFIODevice *vdev = quirk->vdev;
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    hwaddr base = quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
+
+    vfio_generic_quirk_write(opaque, addr, data, size);
+
+    /*
+     * Nvidia seems to acknowledge MSI interrupts by writing 0xff to the
+     * MSI capability ID register.  Both the ID and next register are
+     * read-only, so we allow writes covering either of those to real hw.
+     * NB - only fixed for the 0x88000 MMIO window.
+     */
+    if ((pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSI) &&
+        vfio_range_contained(addr, size, pdev->msi_cap, PCI_MSI_FLAGS)) {
+        vfio_bar_write(&vdev->bars[quirk->data.bar], addr + base, data, size);
+    }
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk = {
+    .read = vfio_generic_quirk_read,
+    .write = vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Finally, BAR0 itself.  We want to redirect any accesses to either
+ * 0x1800 or 0x88000 through the PCI config space access functions.
+ *
+ * NB - quirk at a page granularity or else they don't seem to work when
+ *      BARs are mmap'd
+ *
+ * Here's offset 0x88000...
+ */
+static void vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_88000_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+    uint16_t vendor, class;
+
+    vendor = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID);
+    class = pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_CLASS_DEVICE);
+
+    if (nr != 0 || vendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA ||
+        class != PCI_CLASS_DISPLAY_VGA) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+    quirk->data.flags = quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
+    quirk->data.address_match = 0x88000;
+    quirk->data.address_mask = PCIE_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
+    quirk->data.bar = nr;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_nvidia_88000_quirk,
+                          quirk, "vfio-nvidia-bar0-88000-quirk",
+                          TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(quirk->data.address_mask + 1));
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
+                          quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
+                          &quirk->mem, 1);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_88000_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
+                                             vdev->host.bus,
+                                             vdev->host.slot,
+                                             vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+/*
+ * And here's the same for BAR0 offset 0x1800...
+ */
+static void vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    VFIOQuirk *quirk;
+
+    if (!vdev->has_vga || nr != 0 ||
+        pci_get_word(pdev->config + PCI_VENDOR_ID) != PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Log the chipset ID */
+    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk_id(
+            (unsigned int)(vfio_bar_read(&vdev->bars[0], 0, 4) >> 20) & 0xff);
+
+    quirk = g_malloc0(sizeof(*quirk));
+    quirk->vdev = vdev;
+    quirk->data.flags = quirk->data.read_flags = quirk->data.write_flags = 1;
+    quirk->data.address_match = 0x1800;
+    quirk->data.address_mask = PCI_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE - 1;
+    quirk->data.bar = nr;
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&quirk->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_generic_quirk, quirk,
+                          "vfio-nvidia-bar0-1800-quirk",
+                          TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(quirk->data.address_mask + 1));
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(&vdev->bars[nr].mem,
+                          quirk->data.address_match & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
+                          &quirk->mem, 1);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vdev->bars[nr].quirks, quirk, next);
+
+    trace_vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk(vdev->host.domain,
+                                            vdev->host.bus,
+                                            vdev->host.slot,
+                                            vdev->host.function);
+}
+
+/*
+ * TODO - Some Nvidia devices provide config access to their companion HDA
+ * device and even to their parent bridge via these config space mirrors.
+ * Add quirks for those regions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Common quirk probe entry points.
+ */
+static void vfio_vga_quirk_setup(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    vfio_vga_probe_ati_3c3_quirk(vdev);
+    vfio_vga_probe_nvidia_3d0_quirk(vdev);
+}
+
+static void vfio_vga_quirk_teardown(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(vdev->vga.region); i++) {
+        while (!QLIST_EMPTY(&vdev->vga.region[i].quirks)) {
+            VFIOQuirk *quirk = QLIST_FIRST(&vdev->vga.region[i].quirks);
+            memory_region_del_subregion(&vdev->vga.region[i].mem, &quirk->mem);
+            object_unparent(OBJECT(&quirk->mem));
+            QLIST_REMOVE(quirk, next);
+            g_free(quirk);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_bar_quirk_setup(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    vfio_probe_ati_bar4_window_quirk(vdev, nr);
+    vfio_probe_ati_bar2_4000_quirk(vdev, nr);
+    vfio_probe_nvidia_bar5_window_quirk(vdev, nr);
+    vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_88000_quirk(vdev, nr);
+    vfio_probe_nvidia_bar0_1800_quirk(vdev, nr);
+    vfio_probe_rtl8168_bar2_window_quirk(vdev, nr);
+}
+
+static void vfio_bar_quirk_teardown(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[nr];
+
+    while (!QLIST_EMPTY(&bar->quirks)) {
+        VFIOQuirk *quirk = QLIST_FIRST(&bar->quirks);
+        memory_region_del_subregion(&bar->mem, &quirk->mem);
+        object_unparent(OBJECT(&quirk->mem));
+        QLIST_REMOVE(quirk, next);
+        g_free(quirk);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * PCI config space
+ */
+static uint32_t vfio_pci_read_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr, int len)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+    uint32_t emu_bits = 0, emu_val = 0, phys_val = 0, val;
+
+    memcpy(&emu_bits, vdev->emulated_config_bits + addr, len);
+    emu_bits = le32_to_cpu(emu_bits);
+
+    if (emu_bits) {
+        emu_val = pci_default_read_config(pdev, addr, len);
+    }
+
+    if (~emu_bits & (0xffffffffU >> (32 - len * 8))) {
+        ssize_t ret;
+
+        ret = pread(vdev->fd, &phys_val, len, vdev->config_offset + addr);
+        if (ret != len) {
+            error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x, 0x%x, 0x%x) failed: %m",
+                         __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                         vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, addr, len);
+            return -errno;
+        }
+        phys_val = le32_to_cpu(phys_val);
+    }
+
+    val = (emu_val & emu_bits) | (phys_val & ~emu_bits);
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_read_config(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                               vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                               addr, len, val);
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+static void vfio_pci_write_config(PCIDevice *pdev, uint32_t addr,
+                                  uint32_t val, int len)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+    uint32_t val_le = cpu_to_le32(val);
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_write_config(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                                addr, val, len);
+
+    /* Write everything to VFIO, let it filter out what we can't write */
+    if (pwrite(vdev->fd, &val_le, len, vdev->config_offset + addr) != len) {
+        error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x, 0x%x, 0x%x, 0x%x) failed: %m",
+                     __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                     vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, addr, val, len);
+    }
+
+    /* MSI/MSI-X Enabling/Disabling */
+    if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSI &&
+        ranges_overlap(addr, len, pdev->msi_cap, vdev->msi_cap_size)) {
+        int is_enabled, was_enabled = msi_enabled(pdev);
+
+        pci_default_write_config(pdev, addr, val, len);
+
+        is_enabled = msi_enabled(pdev);
+
+        if (!was_enabled) {
+            if (is_enabled) {
+                vfio_enable_msi(vdev);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (!is_enabled) {
+                vfio_disable_msi(vdev);
+            } else {
+                vfio_update_msi(vdev);
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX &&
+        ranges_overlap(addr, len, pdev->msix_cap, MSIX_CAP_LENGTH)) {
+        int is_enabled, was_enabled = msix_enabled(pdev);
+
+        pci_default_write_config(pdev, addr, val, len);
+
+        is_enabled = msix_enabled(pdev);
+
+        if (!was_enabled && is_enabled) {
+            vfio_enable_msix(vdev);
+        } else if (was_enabled && !is_enabled) {
+            vfio_disable_msix(vdev);
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* Write everything to QEMU to keep emulated bits correct */
+        pci_default_write_config(pdev, addr, val, len);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * DMA - Mapping and unmapping for the "type1" IOMMU interface used on x86
+ */
+static int vfio_dma_unmap(VFIOContainer *container,
+                          hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size)
+{
+    struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_unmap unmap = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(unmap),
+        .flags = 0,
+        .iova = iova,
+        .size = size,
+    };
+
+    if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_UNMAP_DMA, &unmap)) {
+        error_report("VFIO_UNMAP_DMA: %d\n", -errno);
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vfio_dma_map(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr iova,
+                        ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly)
+{
+    struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_map map = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(map),
+        .flags = VFIO_DMA_MAP_FLAG_READ,
+        .vaddr = (__u64)(uintptr_t)vaddr,
+        .iova = iova,
+        .size = size,
+    };
+
+    if (!readonly) {
+        map.flags |= VFIO_DMA_MAP_FLAG_WRITE;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Try the mapping, if it fails with EBUSY, unmap the region and try
+     * again.  This shouldn't be necessary, but we sometimes see it in
+     * the the VGA ROM space.
+     */
+    if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0 ||
+        (errno == EBUSY && vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, size) == 0 &&
+         ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    error_report("VFIO_MAP_DMA: %d\n", -errno);
+    return -errno;
+}
+
+static bool vfio_listener_skipped_section(MemoryRegionSection *section)
+{
+    return (!memory_region_is_ram(section->mr) &&
+            !memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) ||
+           /*
+            * Sizing an enabled 64-bit BAR can cause spurious mappings to
+            * addresses in the upper part of the 64-bit address space.  These
+            * are never accessed by the CPU and beyond the address width of
+            * some IOMMU hardware.  TODO: VFIO should tell us the IOMMU width.
+            */
+           section->offset_within_address_space & (1ULL << 63);
+}
+
+static void vfio_iommu_map_notify(Notifier *n, void *data)
+{
+    VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu = container_of(n, VFIOGuestIOMMU, n);
+    VFIOContainer *container = giommu->container;
+    IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb = data;
+    MemoryRegion *mr;
+    hwaddr xlat;
+    hwaddr len = iotlb->addr_mask + 1;
+    void *vaddr;
+    int ret;
+
+    trace_vfio_iommu_map_notify(iotlb->iova,
+                                iotlb->iova + iotlb->addr_mask);
+
+    /*
+     * The IOMMU TLB entry we have just covers translation through
+     * this IOMMU to its immediate target.  We need to translate
+     * it the rest of the way through to memory.
+     */
+    mr = address_space_translate(&address_space_memory,
+                                 iotlb->translated_addr,
+                                 &xlat, &len, iotlb->perm & IOMMU_WO);
+    if (!memory_region_is_ram(mr)) {
+        error_report("iommu map to non memory area %"HWADDR_PRIx"\n",
+                xlat);
+        return;
+    }
+    /*
+     * Translation truncates length to the IOMMU page size,
+     * check that it did not truncate too much.
+     */
+    if (len & iotlb->addr_mask) {
+        error_report("iommu has granularity incompatible with target AS\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if ((iotlb->perm & IOMMU_RW) != IOMMU_NONE) {
+        vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(mr) + xlat;
+
+        ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iotlb->iova,
+                           iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr,
+                           !(iotlb->perm & IOMMU_WO) || mr->readonly);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+                         "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%m)",
+                         container, iotlb->iova,
+                         iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr, ret);
+        }
+    } else {
+        ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iotlb->iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+                         "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
+                         container, iotlb->iova,
+                         iotlb->addr_mask + 1, ret);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_listener_region_add(MemoryListener *listener,
+                                     MemoryRegionSection *section)
+{
+    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer,
+                                            iommu_data.type1.listener);
+    hwaddr iova, end;
+    Int128 llend;
+    void *vaddr;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
+        trace_vfio_listener_region_add_skip(
+                section->offset_within_address_space,
+                section->offset_within_address_space +
+                int128_get64(int128_sub(section->size, int128_one())));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK) !=
+                 (section->offset_within_region & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK))) {
+        error_report("%s received unaligned region", __func__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    iova = TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
+    llend = int128_make64(section->offset_within_address_space);
+    llend = int128_add(llend, section->size);
+    llend = int128_and(llend, int128_exts64(TARGET_PAGE_MASK));
+
+    if (int128_ge(int128_make64(iova), llend)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    memory_region_ref(section->mr);
+
+    if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
+        VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
+
+        trace_vfio_listener_region_add_iommu(iova,
+                    int128_get64(int128_sub(llend, int128_one())));
+        /*
+         * FIXME: We should do some checking to see if the
+         * capabilities of the host VFIO IOMMU are adequate to model
+         * the guest IOMMU
+         *
+         * FIXME: For VFIO iommu types which have KVM acceleration to
+         * avoid bouncing all map/unmaps through qemu this way, this
+         * would be the right place to wire that up (tell the KVM
+         * device emulation the VFIO iommu handles to use).
+         */
+        /*
+         * This assumes that the guest IOMMU is empty of
+         * mappings at this point.
+         *
+         * One way of doing this is:
+         * 1. Avoid sharing IOMMUs between emulated devices or different
+         * IOMMU groups.
+         * 2. Implement VFIO_IOMMU_ENABLE in the host kernel to fail if
+         * there are some mappings in IOMMU.
+         *
+         * VFIO on SPAPR does that. Other IOMMU models may do that different,
+         * they must make sure there are no existing mappings or
+         * loop through existing mappings to map them into VFIO.
+         */
+        giommu = g_malloc0(sizeof(*giommu));
+        giommu->iommu = section->mr;
+        giommu->container = container;
+        giommu->n.notify = vfio_iommu_map_notify;
+        QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->giommu_list, giommu, giommu_next);
+        memory_region_register_iommu_notifier(giommu->iommu, &giommu->n);
+
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Here we assume that memory_region_is_ram(section->mr)==true */
+
+    end = int128_get64(llend);
+    vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(section->mr) +
+            section->offset_within_region +
+            (iova - section->offset_within_address_space);
+
+    trace_vfio_listener_region_add_ram(iova, end - 1, vaddr);
+
+    ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iova, end - iova, vaddr, section->readonly);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+                     "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%m)",
+                     container, iova, end - iova, vaddr, ret);
+
+        /*
+         * On the initfn path, store the first error in the container so we
+         * can gracefully fail.  Runtime, there's not much we can do other
+         * than throw a hardware error.
+         */
+        if (!container->iommu_data.type1.initialized) {
+            if (!container->iommu_data.type1.error) {
+                container->iommu_data.type1.error = ret;
+            }
+        } else {
+            hw_error("vfio: DMA mapping failed, unable to continue");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_listener_region_del(MemoryListener *listener,
+                                     MemoryRegionSection *section)
+{
+    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer,
+                                            iommu_data.type1.listener);
+    hwaddr iova, end;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
+        trace_vfio_listener_region_del_skip(
+                section->offset_within_address_space,
+                section->offset_within_address_space +
+                int128_get64(int128_sub(section->size, int128_one())));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK) !=
+                 (section->offset_within_region & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK))) {
+        error_report("%s received unaligned region", __func__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
+        VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
+
+        QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
+            if (giommu->iommu == section->mr) {
+                memory_region_unregister_iommu_notifier(&giommu->n);
+                QLIST_REMOVE(giommu, giommu_next);
+                g_free(giommu);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * FIXME: We assume the one big unmap below is adequate to
+         * remove any individual page mappings in the IOMMU which
+         * might have been copied into VFIO. This works for a page table
+         * based IOMMU where a big unmap flattens a large range of IO-PTEs.
+         * That may not be true for all IOMMU types.
+         */
+    }
+
+    iova = TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
+    end = (section->offset_within_address_space + int128_get64(section->size)) &
+          TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
+
+    if (iova >= end) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_listener_region_del(iova, end - 1);
+
+    ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, end - iova);
+    memory_region_unref(section->mr);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+                     "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
+                     container, iova, end - iova, ret);
+    }
+}
+
+static MemoryListener vfio_memory_listener = {
+    .region_add = vfio_listener_region_add,
+    .region_del = vfio_listener_region_del,
+};
+
+static void vfio_listener_release(VFIOContainer *container)
+{
+    memory_listener_unregister(&container->iommu_data.type1.listener);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Interrupt setup
+ */
+static void vfio_disable_interrupts(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    switch (vdev->interrupt) {
+    case VFIO_INT_INTx:
+        vfio_disable_intx(vdev);
+        break;
+    case VFIO_INT_MSI:
+        vfio_disable_msi(vdev);
+        break;
+    case VFIO_INT_MSIX:
+        vfio_disable_msix(vdev);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static int vfio_setup_msi(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos)
+{
+    uint16_t ctrl;
+    bool msi_64bit, msi_maskbit;
+    int ret, entries;
+
+    if (pread(vdev->fd, &ctrl, sizeof(ctrl),
+              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS) != sizeof(ctrl)) {
+        return -errno;
+    }
+    ctrl = le16_to_cpu(ctrl);
+
+    msi_64bit = !!(ctrl & PCI_MSI_FLAGS_64BIT);
+    msi_maskbit = !!(ctrl & PCI_MSI_FLAGS_MASKBIT);
+    entries = 1 << ((ctrl & PCI_MSI_FLAGS_QMASK) >> 1);
+
+    trace_vfio_setup_msi(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                         vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, pos);
+
+    ret = msi_init(&vdev->pdev, pos, entries, msi_64bit, msi_maskbit);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        error_report("vfio: msi_init failed");
+        return ret;
+    }
+    vdev->msi_cap_size = 0xa + (msi_maskbit ? 0xa : 0) + (msi_64bit ? 0x4 : 0);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * We don't have any control over how pci_add_capability() inserts
+ * capabilities into the chain.  In order to setup MSI-X we need a
+ * MemoryRegion for the BAR.  In order to setup the BAR and not
+ * attempt to mmap the MSI-X table area, which VFIO won't allow, we
+ * need to first look for where the MSI-X table lives.  So we
+ * unfortunately split MSI-X setup across two functions.
+ */
+static int vfio_early_setup_msix(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    uint8_t pos;
+    uint16_t ctrl;
+    uint32_t table, pba;
+
+    pos = pci_find_capability(&vdev->pdev, PCI_CAP_ID_MSIX);
+    if (!pos) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (pread(vdev->fd, &ctrl, sizeof(ctrl),
+              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS) != sizeof(ctrl)) {
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    if (pread(vdev->fd, &table, sizeof(table),
+              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_MSIX_TABLE) != sizeof(table)) {
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    if (pread(vdev->fd, &pba, sizeof(pba),
+              vdev->config_offset + pos + PCI_MSIX_PBA) != sizeof(pba)) {
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    ctrl = le16_to_cpu(ctrl);
+    table = le32_to_cpu(table);
+    pba = le32_to_cpu(pba);
+
+    vdev->msix = g_malloc0(sizeof(*(vdev->msix)));
+    vdev->msix->table_bar = table & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
+    vdev->msix->table_offset = table & ~PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
+    vdev->msix->pba_bar = pba & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
+    vdev->msix->pba_offset = pba & ~PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_BIRMASK;
+    vdev->msix->entries = (ctrl & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_QSIZE) + 1;
+
+    trace_vfio_early_setup_msix(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                                pos, vdev->msix->table_bar,
+                                vdev->msix->table_offset,
+                                vdev->msix->entries);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vfio_setup_msix(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos)
+{
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = msix_init(&vdev->pdev, vdev->msix->entries,
+                    &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->table_bar].mem,
+                    vdev->msix->table_bar, vdev->msix->table_offset,
+                    &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->pba_bar].mem,
+                    vdev->msix->pba_bar, vdev->msix->pba_offset, pos);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        error_report("vfio: msix_init failed");
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void vfio_teardown_msi(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    msi_uninit(&vdev->pdev);
+
+    if (vdev->msix) {
+        msix_uninit(&vdev->pdev, &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->table_bar].mem,
+                    &vdev->bars[vdev->msix->pba_bar].mem);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Resource setup
+ */
+static void vfio_mmap_set_enabled(VFIODevice *vdev, bool enabled)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_SLOT; i++) {
+        VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[i];
+
+        if (!bar->size) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        memory_region_set_enabled(&bar->mmap_mem, enabled);
+        if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == i) {
+            memory_region_set_enabled(&vdev->msix->mmap_mem, enabled);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_unmap_bar(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[nr];
+
+    if (!bar->size) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vfio_bar_quirk_teardown(vdev, nr);
+
+    memory_region_del_subregion(&bar->mem, &bar->mmap_mem);
+    munmap(bar->mmap, memory_region_size(&bar->mmap_mem));
+
+    if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == nr) {
+        memory_region_del_subregion(&bar->mem, &vdev->msix->mmap_mem);
+        munmap(vdev->msix->mmap, memory_region_size(&vdev->msix->mmap_mem));
+    }
+}
+
+static int vfio_mmap_bar(VFIODevice *vdev, VFIOBAR *bar,
+                         MemoryRegion *mem, MemoryRegion *submem,
+                         void **map, size_t size, off_t offset,
+                         const char *name)
+{
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    if (VFIO_ALLOW_MMAP && size && bar->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP) {
+        int prot = 0;
+
+        if (bar->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ) {
+            prot |= PROT_READ;
+        }
+
+        if (bar->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE) {
+            prot |= PROT_WRITE;
+        }
+
+        *map = mmap(NULL, size, prot, MAP_SHARED,
+                    bar->fd, bar->fd_offset + offset);
+        if (*map == MAP_FAILED) {
+            *map = NULL;
+            ret = -errno;
+            goto empty_region;
+        }
+
+        memory_region_init_ram_ptr(submem, OBJECT(vdev), name, size, *map);
+        memory_region_set_skip_dump(submem);
+    } else {
+empty_region:
+        /* Create a zero sized sub-region to make cleanup easy. */
+        memory_region_init(submem, OBJECT(vdev), name, 0);
+    }
+
+    memory_region_add_subregion(mem, offset, submem);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void vfio_map_bar(VFIODevice *vdev, int nr)
+{
+    VFIOBAR *bar = &vdev->bars[nr];
+    unsigned size = bar->size;
+    char name[64];
+    uint32_t pci_bar;
+    uint8_t type;
+    int ret;
+
+    /* Skip both unimplemented BARs and the upper half of 64bit BARS. */
+    if (!size) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "VFIO %04x:%02x:%02x.%x BAR %d",
+             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+             vdev->host.function, nr);
+
+    /* Determine what type of BAR this is for registration */
+    ret = pread(vdev->fd, &pci_bar, sizeof(pci_bar),
+                vdev->config_offset + PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_0 + (4 * nr));
+    if (ret != sizeof(pci_bar)) {
+        error_report("vfio: Failed to read BAR %d (%m)", nr);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    pci_bar = le32_to_cpu(pci_bar);
+    bar->ioport = (pci_bar & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_IO);
+    bar->mem64 = bar->ioport ? 0 : (pci_bar & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_TYPE_64);
+    type = pci_bar & (bar->ioport ? ~PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_IO_MASK :
+                                    ~PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_MASK);
+
+    /* A "slow" read/write mapping underlies all BARs */
+    memory_region_init_io(&bar->mem, OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_bar_ops,
+                          bar, name, size);
+    pci_register_bar(&vdev->pdev, nr, type, &bar->mem);
+
+    /*
+     * We can't mmap areas overlapping the MSIX vector table, so we
+     * potentially insert a direct-mapped subregion before and after it.
+     */
+    if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == nr) {
+        size = vdev->msix->table_offset & qemu_host_page_mask;
+    }
+
+    strncat(name, " mmap", sizeof(name) - strlen(name) - 1);
+    if (vfio_mmap_bar(vdev, bar, &bar->mem,
+                      &bar->mmap_mem, &bar->mmap, size, 0, name)) {
+        error_report("%s unsupported. Performance may be slow", name);
+    }
+
+    if (vdev->msix && vdev->msix->table_bar == nr) {
+        unsigned start;
+
+        start = HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(vdev->msix->table_offset +
+                                (vdev->msix->entries * PCI_MSIX_ENTRY_SIZE));
+
+        size = start < bar->size ? bar->size - start : 0;
+        strncat(name, " msix-hi", sizeof(name) - strlen(name) - 1);
+        /* VFIOMSIXInfo contains another MemoryRegion for this mapping */
+        if (vfio_mmap_bar(vdev, bar, &bar->mem, &vdev->msix->mmap_mem,
+                          &vdev->msix->mmap, size, start, name)) {
+            error_report("%s unsupported. Performance may be slow", name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    vfio_bar_quirk_setup(vdev, nr);
+}
+
+static void vfio_map_bars(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_SLOT; i++) {
+        vfio_map_bar(vdev, i);
+    }
+
+    if (vdev->has_vga) {
+        memory_region_init_io(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].mem,
+                              OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_vga_ops,
+                              &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM],
+                              "vfio-vga-mmio@0xa0000",
+                              QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM_SIZE);
+        memory_region_init_io(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].mem,
+                              OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_vga_ops,
+                              &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO],
+                              "vfio-vga-io@0x3b0",
+                              QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO_SIZE);
+        memory_region_init_io(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem,
+                              OBJECT(vdev), &vfio_vga_ops,
+                              &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI],
+                              "vfio-vga-io@0x3c0",
+                              QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI_SIZE);
+
+        pci_register_vga(&vdev->pdev, &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].mem,
+                         &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].mem,
+                         &vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].mem);
+        vfio_vga_quirk_setup(vdev);
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_unmap_bars(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < PCI_ROM_SLOT; i++) {
+        vfio_unmap_bar(vdev, i);
+    }
+
+    if (vdev->has_vga) {
+        vfio_vga_quirk_teardown(vdev);
+        pci_unregister_vga(&vdev->pdev);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * General setup
+ */
+static uint8_t vfio_std_cap_max_size(PCIDevice *pdev, uint8_t pos)
+{
+    uint8_t tmp, next = 0xff;
+
+    for (tmp = pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST]; tmp;
+         tmp = pdev->config[tmp + 1]) {
+        if (tmp > pos && tmp < next) {
+            next = tmp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return next - pos;
+}
+
+static void vfio_set_word_bits(uint8_t *buf, uint16_t val, uint16_t mask)
+{
+    pci_set_word(buf, (pci_get_word(buf) & ~mask) | val);
+}
+
+static void vfio_add_emulated_word(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos,
+                                   uint16_t val, uint16_t mask)
+{
+    vfio_set_word_bits(vdev->pdev.config + pos, val, mask);
+    vfio_set_word_bits(vdev->pdev.wmask + pos, ~mask, mask);
+    vfio_set_word_bits(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pos, mask, mask);
+}
+
+static void vfio_set_long_bits(uint8_t *buf, uint32_t val, uint32_t mask)
+{
+    pci_set_long(buf, (pci_get_long(buf) & ~mask) | val);
+}
+
+static void vfio_add_emulated_long(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos,
+                                   uint32_t val, uint32_t mask)
+{
+    vfio_set_long_bits(vdev->pdev.config + pos, val, mask);
+    vfio_set_long_bits(vdev->pdev.wmask + pos, ~mask, mask);
+    vfio_set_long_bits(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pos, mask, mask);
+}
+
+static int vfio_setup_pcie_cap(VFIODevice *vdev, int pos, uint8_t size)
+{
+    uint16_t flags;
+    uint8_t type;
+
+    flags = pci_get_word(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS);
+    type = (flags & PCI_EXP_FLAGS_TYPE) >> 4;
+
+    if (type != PCI_EXP_TYPE_ENDPOINT &&
+        type != PCI_EXP_TYPE_LEG_END &&
+        type != PCI_EXP_TYPE_RC_END) {
+
+        error_report("vfio: Assignment of PCIe type 0x%x "
+                     "devices is not currently supported", type);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    if (!pci_bus_is_express(vdev->pdev.bus)) {
+        /*
+         * Use express capability as-is on PCI bus.  It doesn't make much
+         * sense to even expose, but some drivers (ex. tg3) depend on it
+         * and guests don't seem to be particular about it.  We'll need
+         * to revist this or force express devices to express buses if we
+         * ever expose an IOMMU to the guest.
+         */
+    } else if (pci_bus_is_root(vdev->pdev.bus)) {
+        /*
+         * On a Root Complex bus Endpoints become Root Complex Integrated
+         * Endpoints, which changes the type and clears the LNK & LNK2 fields.
+         */
+        if (type == PCI_EXP_TYPE_ENDPOINT) {
+            vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS,
+                                   PCI_EXP_TYPE_RC_END << 4,
+                                   PCI_EXP_FLAGS_TYPE);
+
+            /* Link Capabilities, Status, and Control goes away */
+            if (size > PCI_EXP_LNKCTL) {
+                vfio_add_emulated_long(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCAP, 0, ~0);
+                vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCTL, 0, ~0);
+                vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKSTA, 0, ~0);
+
+#ifndef PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2
+#define PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2 44
+#endif
+#ifndef PCI_EXP_LNKSTA2
+#define PCI_EXP_LNKSTA2 50
+#endif
+                /* Link 2 Capabilities, Status, and Control goes away */
+                if (size > PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2) {
+                    vfio_add_emulated_long(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCAP2, 0, ~0);
+                    vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCTL2, 0, ~0);
+                    vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKSTA2, 0, ~0);
+                }
+            }
+
+        } else if (type == PCI_EXP_TYPE_LEG_END) {
+            /*
+             * Legacy endpoints don't belong on the root complex.  Windows
+             * seems to be happier with devices if we skip the capability.
+             */
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+    } else {
+        /*
+         * Convert Root Complex Integrated Endpoints to regular endpoints.
+         * These devices don't support LNK/LNK2 capabilities, so make them up.
+         */
+        if (type == PCI_EXP_TYPE_RC_END) {
+            vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_CAP_FLAGS,
+                                   PCI_EXP_TYPE_ENDPOINT << 4,
+                                   PCI_EXP_FLAGS_TYPE);
+            vfio_add_emulated_long(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCAP,
+                                   PCI_EXP_LNK_MLW_1 | PCI_EXP_LNK_LS_25, ~0);
+            vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKCTL, 0, ~0);
+        }
+
+        /* Mark the Link Status bits as emulated to allow virtual negotiation */
+        vfio_add_emulated_word(vdev, pos + PCI_EXP_LNKSTA,
+                               pci_get_word(vdev->pdev.config + pos +
+                                            PCI_EXP_LNKSTA),
+                               PCI_EXP_LNKCAP_MLW | PCI_EXP_LNKCAP_SLS);
+    }
+
+    pos = pci_add_capability(&vdev->pdev, PCI_CAP_ID_EXP, pos, size);
+    if (pos >= 0) {
+        vdev->pdev.exp.exp_cap = pos;
+    }
+
+    return pos;
+}
+
+static void vfio_check_pcie_flr(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
+{
+    uint32_t cap = pci_get_long(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_EXP_DEVCAP);
+
+    if (cap & PCI_EXP_DEVCAP_FLR) {
+        trace_vfio_check_pcie_flr(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+        vdev->has_flr = true;
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_check_pm_reset(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
+{
+    uint16_t csr = pci_get_word(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_PM_CTRL);
+
+    if (!(csr & PCI_PM_CTRL_NO_SOFT_RESET)) {
+        trace_vfio_check_pm_reset(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+        vdev->has_pm_reset = true;
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_check_af_flr(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
+{
+    uint8_t cap = pci_get_byte(vdev->pdev.config + pos + PCI_AF_CAP);
+
+    if ((cap & PCI_AF_CAP_TP) && (cap & PCI_AF_CAP_FLR)) {
+        trace_vfio_check_af_flr(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+        vdev->has_flr = true;
+    }
+}
+
+static int vfio_add_std_cap(VFIODevice *vdev, uint8_t pos)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    uint8_t cap_id, next, size;
+    int ret;
+
+    cap_id = pdev->config[pos];
+    next = pdev->config[pos + 1];
+
+    /*
+     * If it becomes important to configure capabilities to their actual
+     * size, use this as the default when it's something we don't recognize.
+     * Since QEMU doesn't actually handle many of the config accesses,
+     * exact size doesn't seem worthwhile.
+     */
+    size = vfio_std_cap_max_size(pdev, pos);
+
+    /*
+     * pci_add_capability always inserts the new capability at the head
+     * of the chain.  Therefore to end up with a chain that matches the
+     * physical device, we insert from the end by making this recursive.
+     * This is also why we pre-caclulate size above as cached config space
+     * will be changed as we unwind the stack.
+     */
+    if (next) {
+        ret = vfio_add_std_cap(vdev, next);
+        if (ret) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* Begin the rebuild, use QEMU emulated list bits */
+        pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST] = 0;
+        vdev->emulated_config_bits[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST] = 0xff;
+        vdev->emulated_config_bits[PCI_STATUS] |= PCI_STATUS_CAP_LIST;
+    }
+
+    /* Use emulated next pointer to allow dropping caps */
+    pci_set_byte(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pos + 1, 0xff);
+
+    switch (cap_id) {
+    case PCI_CAP_ID_MSI:
+        ret = vfio_setup_msi(vdev, pos);
+        break;
+    case PCI_CAP_ID_EXP:
+        vfio_check_pcie_flr(vdev, pos);
+        ret = vfio_setup_pcie_cap(vdev, pos, size);
+        break;
+    case PCI_CAP_ID_MSIX:
+        ret = vfio_setup_msix(vdev, pos);
+        break;
+    case PCI_CAP_ID_PM:
+        vfio_check_pm_reset(vdev, pos);
+        vdev->pm_cap = pos;
+        ret = pci_add_capability(pdev, cap_id, pos, size);
+        break;
+    case PCI_CAP_ID_AF:
+        vfio_check_af_flr(vdev, pos);
+        ret = pci_add_capability(pdev, cap_id, pos, size);
+        break;
+    default:
+        ret = pci_add_capability(pdev, cap_id, pos, size);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_report("vfio: %04x:%02x:%02x.%x Error adding PCI capability "
+                     "0x%x[0x%x]@0x%x: %d", vdev->host.domain,
+                     vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                     cap_id, size, pos, ret);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vfio_add_capabilities(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+
+    if (!(pdev->config[PCI_STATUS] & PCI_STATUS_CAP_LIST) ||
+        !pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST]) {
+        return 0; /* Nothing to add */
+    }
+
+    return vfio_add_std_cap(vdev, pdev->config[PCI_CAPABILITY_LIST]);
+}
+
+static void vfio_pci_pre_reset(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
+    uint16_t cmd;
+
+    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
+
+    /* Make sure the device is in D0 */
+    if (vdev->pm_cap) {
+        uint16_t pmcsr;
+        uint8_t state;
+
+        pmcsr = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, vdev->pm_cap + PCI_PM_CTRL, 2);
+        state = pmcsr & PCI_PM_CTRL_STATE_MASK;
+        if (state) {
+            pmcsr &= ~PCI_PM_CTRL_STATE_MASK;
+            vfio_pci_write_config(pdev, vdev->pm_cap + PCI_PM_CTRL, pmcsr, 2);
+            /* vfio handles the necessary delay here */
+            pmcsr = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, vdev->pm_cap + PCI_PM_CTRL, 2);
+            state = pmcsr & PCI_PM_CTRL_STATE_MASK;
+            if (state) {
+                error_report("vfio: Unable to power on device, stuck in D%d",
+                             state);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Stop any ongoing DMA by disconecting I/O, MMIO, and bus master.
+     * Also put INTx Disable in known state.
+     */
+    cmd = vfio_pci_read_config(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, 2);
+    cmd &= ~(PCI_COMMAND_IO | PCI_COMMAND_MEMORY | PCI_COMMAND_MASTER |
+             PCI_COMMAND_INTX_DISABLE);
+    vfio_pci_write_config(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, cmd, 2);
+}
+
+static void vfio_pci_post_reset(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    vfio_enable_intx(vdev);
+}
+
+static bool vfio_pci_host_match(PCIHostDeviceAddress *host1,
+                                PCIHostDeviceAddress *host2)
+{
+    return (host1->domain == host2->domain && host1->bus == host2->bus &&
+            host1->slot == host2->slot && host1->function == host2->function);
+}
+
+static int vfio_pci_hot_reset(VFIODevice *vdev, bool single)
+{
+    VFIOGroup *group;
+    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info *info;
+    struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *devices;
+    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset *reset;
+    int32_t *fds;
+    int ret, i, count;
+    bool multi = false;
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                             vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function,
+                             single ? "one" : "multi");
+
+    vfio_pci_pre_reset(vdev);
+    vdev->needs_reset = false;
+
+    info = g_malloc0(sizeof(*info));
+    info->argsz = sizeof(*info);
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_PCI_HOT_RESET_INFO, info);
+    if (ret && errno != ENOSPC) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
+            error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %04x:%02x:%02x.%x, "
+                         "no available reset mechanism.", vdev->host.domain,
+                         vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+        }
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+
+    count = info->count;
+    info = g_realloc(info, sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(*devices)));
+    info->argsz = sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(*devices));
+    devices = &info->devices[0];
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_PCI_HOT_RESET_INFO, info);
+    if (ret) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        error_report("vfio: hot reset info failed: %m");
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_has_dep_devices(vdev->host.domain,
+                                             vdev->host.bus,
+                                             vdev->host.slot,
+                                             vdev->host.function);
+
+    /* Verify that we have all the groups required */
+    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
+        VFIODevice *tmp;
+
+        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
+        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
+        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
+        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
+
+        trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_dep_devices(host.domain,
+                host.bus, host.slot, host.function, devices[i].group_id);
+
+        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &vdev->host)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!group) {
+            if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
+                error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %04x:%02x:%02x.%x, "
+                             "depends on group %d which is not owned.",
+                             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+                             vdev->host.function, devices[i].group_id);
+            }
+            ret = -EPERM;
+            goto out;
+        }
+
+        /* Prep dependent devices for reset and clear our marker. */
+        QLIST_FOREACH(tmp, &group->device_list, next) {
+            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &tmp->host)) {
+                if (single) {
+                    error_report("vfio: found another in-use device "
+                            "%04x:%02x:%02x.%x\n", host.domain, host.bus,
+                            host.slot, host.function);
+                    ret = -EINVAL;
+                    goto out_single;
+                }
+                vfio_pci_pre_reset(tmp);
+                tmp->needs_reset = false;
+                multi = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!single && !multi) {
+        error_report("vfio: No other in-use devices for multi hot reset\n");
+        ret = -EINVAL;
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+
+    /* Determine how many group fds need to be passed */
+    count = 0;
+    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
+        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                count++;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    reset = g_malloc0(sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds)));
+    reset->argsz = sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds));
+    fds = &reset->group_fds[0];
+
+    /* Fill in group fds */
+    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
+        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                fds[reset->count++] = group->fd;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Bus reset! */
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_PCI_HOT_RESET, reset);
+    g_free(reset);
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_result(vdev->host.domain,
+                                    vdev->host.bus,
+                                    vdev->host.slot,
+                                    vdev->host.function,
+                                    ret ? "%m" : "Success");
+
+out:
+    /* Re-enable INTx on affected devices */
+    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
+        VFIODevice *tmp;
+
+        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
+        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
+        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
+        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
+
+        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &vdev->host)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!group) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        QLIST_FOREACH(tmp, &group->device_list, next) {
+            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, &tmp->host)) {
+                vfio_pci_post_reset(tmp);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+out_single:
+    vfio_pci_post_reset(vdev);
+    g_free(info);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * We want to differentiate hot reset of mulitple in-use devices vs hot reset
+ * of a single in-use device.  VFIO_DEVICE_RESET will already handle the case
+ * of doing hot resets when there is only a single device per bus.  The in-use
+ * here refers to how many VFIODevices are affected.  A hot reset that affects
+ * multiple devices, but only a single in-use device, means that we can call
+ * it from our bus ->reset() callback since the extent is effectively a single
+ * device.  This allows us to make use of it in the hotplug path.  When there
+ * are multiple in-use devices, we can only trigger the hot reset during a
+ * system reset and thus from our reset handler.  We separate _one vs _multi
+ * here so that we don't overlap and do a double reset on the system reset
+ * path where both our reset handler and ->reset() callback are used.  Calling
+ * _one() will only do a hot reset for the one in-use devices case, calling
+ * _multi() will do nothing if a _one() would have been sufficient.
+ */
+static int vfio_pci_hot_reset_one(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    return vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev, true);
+}
+
+static int vfio_pci_hot_reset_multi(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    return vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev, false);
+}
+
+static void vfio_pci_reset_handler(void *opaque)
+{
+    VFIOGroup *group;
+    VFIODevice *vdev;
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
+        QLIST_FOREACH(vdev, &group->device_list, next) {
+            if (!vdev->reset_works || (!vdev->has_flr && vdev->has_pm_reset)) {
+                vdev->needs_reset = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
+        QLIST_FOREACH(vdev, &group->device_list, next) {
+            if (vdev->needs_reset) {
+                vfio_pci_hot_reset_multi(vdev);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_kvm_device_add_group(VFIOGroup *group)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
+    struct kvm_device_attr attr = {
+        .group = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP,
+        .attr = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP_ADD,
+        .addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)&group->fd,
+    };
+
+    if (!kvm_enabled()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (vfio_kvm_device_fd < 0) {
+        struct kvm_create_device cd = {
+            .type = KVM_DEV_TYPE_VFIO,
+        };
+
+        if (kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_CREATE_DEVICE, &cd)) {
+            error_report("KVM_CREATE_DEVICE: %m\n");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        vfio_kvm_device_fd = cd.fd;
+    }
+
+    if (ioctl(vfio_kvm_device_fd, KVM_SET_DEVICE_ATTR, &attr)) {
+        error_report("Failed to add group %d to KVM VFIO device: %m",
+                     group->groupid);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static void vfio_kvm_device_del_group(VFIOGroup *group)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM
+    struct kvm_device_attr attr = {
+        .group = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP,
+        .attr = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP_DEL,
+        .addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)&group->fd,
+    };
+
+    if (vfio_kvm_device_fd < 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (ioctl(vfio_kvm_device_fd, KVM_SET_DEVICE_ATTR, &attr)) {
+        error_report("Failed to remove group %d from KVM VFIO device: %m",
+                     group->groupid);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static VFIOAddressSpace *vfio_get_address_space(AddressSpace *as)
+{
+    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(space, &vfio_address_spaces, list) {
+        if (space->as == as) {
+            return space;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* No suitable VFIOAddressSpace, create a new one */
+    space = g_malloc0(sizeof(*space));
+    space->as = as;
+    QLIST_INIT(&space->containers);
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vfio_address_spaces, space, list);
+
+    return space;
+}
+
+static void vfio_put_address_space(VFIOAddressSpace *space)
+{
+    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&space->containers)) {
+        QLIST_REMOVE(space, list);
+        g_free(space);
+    }
+}
+
+static int vfio_connect_container(VFIOGroup *group, AddressSpace *as)
+{
+    VFIOContainer *container;
+    int ret, fd;
+    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
+
+    space = vfio_get_address_space(as);
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(container, &space->containers, next) {
+        if (!ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
+            group->container = container;
+            QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->group_list, group, container_next);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fd = qemu_open("/dev/vfio/vfio", O_RDWR);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        error_report("vfio: failed to open /dev/vfio/vfio: %m");
+        ret = -errno;
+        goto put_space_exit;
+    }
+
+    ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_GET_API_VERSION);
+    if (ret != VFIO_API_VERSION) {
+        error_report("vfio: supported vfio version: %d, "
+                     "reported version: %d", VFIO_API_VERSION, ret);
+        ret = -EINVAL;
+        goto close_fd_exit;
+    }
+
+    container = g_malloc0(sizeof(*container));
+    container->space = space;
+    container->fd = fd;
+
+    if (ioctl(fd, VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION, VFIO_TYPE1_IOMMU)) {
+        ret = ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &fd);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to set group container: %m");
+            ret = -errno;
+            goto free_container_exit;
+        }
+
+        ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_SET_IOMMU, VFIO_TYPE1_IOMMU);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to set iommu for container: %m");
+            ret = -errno;
+            goto free_container_exit;
+        }
+
+        container->iommu_data.type1.listener = vfio_memory_listener;
+        container->iommu_data.release = vfio_listener_release;
+
+        memory_listener_register(&container->iommu_data.type1.listener,
+                                 container->space->as);
+
+        if (container->iommu_data.type1.error) {
+            ret = container->iommu_data.type1.error;
+            error_report("vfio: memory listener initialization failed for container");
+            goto listener_release_exit;
+        }
+
+        container->iommu_data.type1.initialized = true;
+
+    } else if (ioctl(fd, VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION, VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU)) {
+        ret = ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &fd);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to set group container: %m");
+            ret = -errno;
+            goto free_container_exit;
+        }
+
+        ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_SET_IOMMU, VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to set iommu for container: %m");
+            ret = -errno;
+            goto free_container_exit;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * The host kernel code implementing VFIO_IOMMU_DISABLE is called
+         * when container fd is closed so we do not call it explicitly
+         * in this file.
+         */
+        ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_IOMMU_ENABLE);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to enable container: %m");
+            ret = -errno;
+            goto free_container_exit;
+        }
+
+        container->iommu_data.type1.listener = vfio_memory_listener;
+        container->iommu_data.release = vfio_listener_release;
+
+        memory_listener_register(&container->iommu_data.type1.listener,
+                                 container->space->as);
+
+    } else {
+        error_report("vfio: No available IOMMU models");
+        ret = -EINVAL;
+        goto free_container_exit;
+    }
+
+    QLIST_INIT(&container->group_list);
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&space->containers, container, next);
+
+    group->container = container;
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->group_list, group, container_next);
+
+    return 0;
+
+listener_release_exit:
+    vfio_listener_release(container);
+
+free_container_exit:
+    g_free(container);
+
+close_fd_exit:
+    close(fd);
+
+put_space_exit:
+    vfio_put_address_space(space);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void vfio_disconnect_container(VFIOGroup *group)
+{
+    VFIOContainer *container = group->container;
+
+    if (ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_UNSET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
+        error_report("vfio: error disconnecting group %d from container",
+                     group->groupid);
+    }
+
+    QLIST_REMOVE(group, container_next);
+    group->container = NULL;
+
+    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&container->group_list)) {
+        VFIOAddressSpace *space = container->space;
+
+        if (container->iommu_data.release) {
+            container->iommu_data.release(container);
+        }
+        QLIST_REMOVE(container, next);
+        trace_vfio_disconnect_container(container->fd);
+        close(container->fd);
+        g_free(container);
+
+        vfio_put_address_space(space);
+    }
+}
+
+static VFIOGroup *vfio_get_group(int groupid, AddressSpace *as)
+{
+    VFIOGroup *group;
+    char path[32];
+    struct vfio_group_status status = { .argsz = sizeof(status) };
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &group_list, next) {
+        if (group->groupid == groupid) {
+            /* Found it.  Now is it already in the right context? */
+            if (group->container->space->as == as) {
+                return group;
+            } else {
+                error_report("vfio: group %d used in multiple address spaces",
+                             group->groupid);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    group = g_malloc0(sizeof(*group));
+
+    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/dev/vfio/%d", groupid);
+    group->fd = qemu_open(path, O_RDWR);
+    if (group->fd < 0) {
+        error_report("vfio: error opening %s: %m", path);
+        goto free_group_exit;
+    }
+
+    if (ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_GET_STATUS, &status)) {
+        error_report("vfio: error getting group status: %m");
+        goto close_fd_exit;
+    }
+
+    if (!(status.flags & VFIO_GROUP_FLAGS_VIABLE)) {
+        error_report("vfio: error, group %d is not viable, please ensure "
+                     "all devices within the iommu_group are bound to their "
+                     "vfio bus driver.", groupid);
+        goto close_fd_exit;
+    }
+
+    group->groupid = groupid;
+    QLIST_INIT(&group->device_list);
+
+    if (vfio_connect_container(group, as)) {
+        error_report("vfio: failed to setup container for group %d", groupid);
+        goto close_fd_exit;
+    }
+
+    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&group_list)) {
+        qemu_register_reset(vfio_pci_reset_handler, NULL);
+    }
+
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&group_list, group, next);
+
+    vfio_kvm_device_add_group(group);
+
+    return group;
+
+close_fd_exit:
+    close(group->fd);
+
+free_group_exit:
+    g_free(group);
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void vfio_put_group(VFIOGroup *group)
+{
+    if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&group->device_list)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vfio_kvm_device_del_group(group);
+    vfio_disconnect_container(group);
+    QLIST_REMOVE(group, next);
+    trace_vfio_put_group(group->fd);
+    close(group->fd);
+    g_free(group);
+
+    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&group_list)) {
+        qemu_unregister_reset(vfio_pci_reset_handler, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+static int vfio_get_device(VFIOGroup *group, const char *name, VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    struct vfio_device_info dev_info = { .argsz = sizeof(dev_info) };
+    struct vfio_region_info reg_info = { .argsz = sizeof(reg_info) };
+    struct vfio_irq_info irq_info = { .argsz = sizeof(irq_info) };
+    int ret, i;
+
+    ret = ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_GET_DEVICE_FD, name);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_report("vfio: error getting device %s from group %d: %m",
+                     name, group->groupid);
+        error_printf("Verify all devices in group %d are bound to vfio-pci "
+                     "or pci-stub and not already in use\n", group->groupid);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    vdev->fd = ret;
+    vdev->group = group;
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&group->device_list, vdev, next);
+
+    /* Sanity check device */
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_INFO, &dev_info);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: error getting device info: %m");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_get_device_irq(name, dev_info.flags,
+                              dev_info.num_regions, dev_info.num_irqs);
+
+    if (!(dev_info.flags & VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_PCI)) {
+        error_report("vfio: Um, this isn't a PCI device");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    vdev->reset_works = !!(dev_info.flags & VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_RESET);
+
+    if (dev_info.num_regions < VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX + 1) {
+        error_report("vfio: unexpected number of io regions %u",
+                     dev_info.num_regions);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (dev_info.num_irqs < VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX + 1) {
+        error_report("vfio: unexpected number of irqs %u", dev_info.num_irqs);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = VFIO_PCI_BAR0_REGION_INDEX; i < VFIO_PCI_ROM_REGION_INDEX; i++) {
+        reg_info.index = i;
+
+        ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &reg_info);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vfio: Error getting region %d info: %m", i);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        trace_vfio_get_device_region(name, i,
+                                     (unsigned long)reg_info.size,
+                                     (unsigned long)reg_info.offset,
+                                     (unsigned long)reg_info.flags);
+
+        vdev->bars[i].flags = reg_info.flags;
+        vdev->bars[i].size = reg_info.size;
+        vdev->bars[i].fd_offset = reg_info.offset;
+        vdev->bars[i].fd = vdev->fd;
+        vdev->bars[i].nr = i;
+        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->bars[i].quirks);
+    }
+
+    reg_info.index = VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX;
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &reg_info);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: Error getting config info: %m");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_get_device_config(name, (unsigned long)reg_info.size,
+                                 (unsigned long)reg_info.offset,
+                                 (unsigned long)reg_info.flags);
+
+    vdev->config_size = reg_info.size;
+    if (vdev->config_size == PCI_CONFIG_SPACE_SIZE) {
+        vdev->pdev.cap_present &= ~QEMU_PCI_CAP_EXPRESS;
+    }
+    vdev->config_offset = reg_info.offset;
+
+    if ((vdev->features & VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA) &&
+        dev_info.num_regions > VFIO_PCI_VGA_REGION_INDEX) {
+        struct vfio_region_info vga_info = {
+            .argsz = sizeof(vga_info),
+            .index = VFIO_PCI_VGA_REGION_INDEX,
+         };
+
+        ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, &vga_info);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report(
+                "vfio: Device does not support requested feature x-vga");
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (!(vga_info.flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ) ||
+            !(vga_info.flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE) ||
+            vga_info.size < 0xbffff + 1) {
+            error_report("vfio: Unexpected VGA info, flags 0x%lx, size 0x%lx",
+                         (unsigned long)vga_info.flags,
+                         (unsigned long)vga_info.size);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        vdev->vga.fd_offset = vga_info.offset;
+        vdev->vga.fd = vdev->fd;
+
+        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].offset = QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM_BASE;
+        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].nr = QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM;
+        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_MEM].quirks);
+
+        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].offset = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO_BASE;
+        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].nr = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO;
+        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_LO].quirks);
+
+        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].offset = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI_BASE;
+        vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].nr = QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI;
+        QLIST_INIT(&vdev->vga.region[QEMU_PCI_VGA_IO_HI].quirks);
+
+        vdev->has_vga = true;
+    }
+    irq_info.index = VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX;
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_IRQ_INFO, &irq_info);
+    if (ret) {
+        /* This can fail for an old kernel or legacy PCI dev */
+        trace_vfio_get_device_get_irq_info_failure();
+        ret = 0;
+    } else if (irq_info.count == 1) {
+        vdev->pci_aer = true;
+    } else {
+        error_report("vfio: %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
+                     "Could not enable error recovery for the device",
+                     vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+                     vdev->host.function);
+    }
+
+error:
+    if (ret) {
+        QLIST_REMOVE(vdev, next);
+        vdev->group = NULL;
+        close(vdev->fd);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void vfio_put_device(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    QLIST_REMOVE(vdev, next);
+    vdev->group = NULL;
+    trace_vfio_put_device(vdev->fd);
+    close(vdev->fd);
+    if (vdev->msix) {
+        g_free(vdev->msix);
+        vdev->msix = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static void vfio_err_notifier_handler(void *opaque)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = opaque;
+
+    if (!event_notifier_test_and_clear(&vdev->err_notifier)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * TBD. Retrieve the error details and decide what action
+     * needs to be taken. One of the actions could be to pass
+     * the error to the guest and have the guest driver recover
+     * from the error. This requires that PCIe capabilities be
+     * exposed to the guest. For now, we just terminate the
+     * guest to contain the error.
+     */
+
+    error_report("%s(%04x:%02x:%02x.%x) Unrecoverable error detected.  "
+                 "Please collect any data possible and then kill the guest",
+                 __func__, vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                 vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+    vm_stop(RUN_STATE_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Registers error notifier for devices supporting error recovery.
+ * If we encounter a failure in this function, we report an error
+ * and continue after disabling error recovery support for the
+ * device.
+ */
+static void vfio_register_err_notifier(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int ret;
+    int argsz;
+    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
+    int32_t *pfd;
+
+    if (!vdev->pci_aer) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (event_notifier_init(&vdev->err_notifier, 0)) {
+        error_report("vfio: Unable to init event notifier for error detection");
+        vdev->pci_aer = false;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
+
+    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
+    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
+    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
+                     VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
+    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX;
+    irq_set->start = 0;
+    irq_set->count = 1;
+    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
+
+    *pfd = event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->err_notifier);
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, vfio_err_notifier_handler, NULL, vdev);
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: Failed to set up error notification");
+        qemu_set_fd_handler(*pfd, NULL, NULL, vdev);
+        event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->err_notifier);
+        vdev->pci_aer = false;
+    }
+    g_free(irq_set);
+}
+
+static void vfio_unregister_err_notifier(VFIODevice *vdev)
+{
+    int argsz;
+    struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
+    int32_t *pfd;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!vdev->pci_aer) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
+
+    irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
+    irq_set->argsz = argsz;
+    irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD |
+                     VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER;
+    irq_set->index = VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX;
+    irq_set->start = 0;
+    irq_set->count = 1;
+    pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
+    *pfd = -1;
+
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: Failed to de-assign error fd: %m");
+    }
+    g_free(irq_set);
+    qemu_set_fd_handler(event_notifier_get_fd(&vdev->err_notifier),
+                        NULL, NULL, vdev);
+    event_notifier_cleanup(&vdev->err_notifier);
+}
+
+static int vfio_initfn(PCIDevice *pdev)
+{
+    VFIODevice *pvdev, *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+    VFIOGroup *group;
+    char path[PATH_MAX], iommu_group_path[PATH_MAX], *group_name;
+    ssize_t len;
+    struct stat st;
+    int groupid;
+    int ret;
+
+    /* Check that the host device exists */
+    snprintf(path, sizeof(path),
+             "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%04x:%02x:%02x.%01x/",
+             vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+             vdev->host.function);
+    if (stat(path, &st) < 0) {
+        error_report("vfio: error: no such host device: %s", path);
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    strncat(path, "iommu_group", sizeof(path) - strlen(path) - 1);
+
+    len = readlink(path, iommu_group_path, sizeof(path));
+    if (len <= 0 || len >= sizeof(path)) {
+        error_report("vfio: error no iommu_group for device");
+        return len < 0 ? -errno : ENAMETOOLONG;
+    }
+
+    iommu_group_path[len] = 0;
+    group_name = basename(iommu_group_path);
+
+    if (sscanf(group_name, "%d", &groupid) != 1) {
+        error_report("vfio: error reading %s: %m", path);
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_initfn(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                      vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function, groupid);
+
+    group = vfio_get_group(groupid, pci_device_iommu_address_space(pdev));
+    if (!group) {
+        error_report("vfio: failed to get group %d", groupid);
+        return -ENOENT;
+    }
+
+    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%04x:%02x:%02x.%01x",
+            vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus, vdev->host.slot,
+            vdev->host.function);
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(pvdev, &group->device_list, next) {
+        if (pvdev->host.domain == vdev->host.domain &&
+            pvdev->host.bus == vdev->host.bus &&
+            pvdev->host.slot == vdev->host.slot &&
+            pvdev->host.function == vdev->host.function) {
+
+            error_report("vfio: error: device %s is already attached", path);
+            vfio_put_group(group);
+            return -EBUSY;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret = vfio_get_device(group, path, vdev);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vfio: failed to get device %s", path);
+        vfio_put_group(group);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* Get a copy of config space */
+    ret = pread(vdev->fd, vdev->pdev.config,
+                MIN(pci_config_size(&vdev->pdev), vdev->config_size),
+                vdev->config_offset);
+    if (ret < (int)MIN(pci_config_size(&vdev->pdev), vdev->config_size)) {
+        ret = ret < 0 ? -errno : -EFAULT;
+        error_report("vfio: Failed to read device config space");
+        goto out_put;
+    }
+
+    /* vfio emulates a lot for us, but some bits need extra love */
+    vdev->emulated_config_bits = g_malloc0(vdev->config_size);
+
+    /* QEMU can choose to expose the ROM or not */
+    memset(vdev->emulated_config_bits + PCI_ROM_ADDRESS, 0xff, 4);
+
+    /* QEMU can change multi-function devices to single function, or reverse */
+    vdev->emulated_config_bits[PCI_HEADER_TYPE] =
+                                              PCI_HEADER_TYPE_MULTI_FUNCTION;
+
+    /* Restore or clear multifunction, this is always controlled by QEMU */
+    if (vdev->pdev.cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MULTIFUNCTION) {
+        vdev->pdev.config[PCI_HEADER_TYPE] |= PCI_HEADER_TYPE_MULTI_FUNCTION;
+    } else {
+        vdev->pdev.config[PCI_HEADER_TYPE] &= ~PCI_HEADER_TYPE_MULTI_FUNCTION;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Clear host resource mapping info.  If we choose not to register a
+     * BAR, such as might be the case with the option ROM, we can get
+     * confusing, unwritable, residual addresses from the host here.
+     */
+    memset(&vdev->pdev.config[PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_0], 0, 24);
+    memset(&vdev->pdev.config[PCI_ROM_ADDRESS], 0, 4);
+
+    vfio_pci_size_rom(vdev);
+
+    ret = vfio_early_setup_msix(vdev);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto out_put;
+    }
+
+    vfio_map_bars(vdev);
+
+    ret = vfio_add_capabilities(vdev);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto out_teardown;
+    }
+
+    /* QEMU emulates all of MSI & MSIX */
+    if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSIX) {
+        memset(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pdev->msix_cap, 0xff,
+               MSIX_CAP_LENGTH);
+    }
+
+    if (pdev->cap_present & QEMU_PCI_CAP_MSI) {
+        memset(vdev->emulated_config_bits + pdev->msi_cap, 0xff,
+               vdev->msi_cap_size);
+    }
+
+    if (vfio_pci_read_config(&vdev->pdev, PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN, 1)) {
+        vdev->intx.mmap_timer = timer_new_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL,
+                                                  vfio_intx_mmap_enable, vdev);
+        pci_device_set_intx_routing_notifier(&vdev->pdev, vfio_update_irq);
+        ret = vfio_enable_intx(vdev);
+        if (ret) {
+            goto out_teardown;
+        }
+    }
+
+    vfio_register_err_notifier(vdev);
+
+    return 0;
+
+out_teardown:
+    pci_device_set_intx_routing_notifier(&vdev->pdev, NULL);
+    vfio_teardown_msi(vdev);
+    vfio_unmap_bars(vdev);
+out_put:
+    g_free(vdev->emulated_config_bits);
+    vfio_put_device(vdev);
+    vfio_put_group(group);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void vfio_exitfn(PCIDevice *pdev)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+    VFIOGroup *group = vdev->group;
+
+    vfio_unregister_err_notifier(vdev);
+    pci_device_set_intx_routing_notifier(&vdev->pdev, NULL);
+    vfio_disable_interrupts(vdev);
+    if (vdev->intx.mmap_timer) {
+        timer_free(vdev->intx.mmap_timer);
+    }
+    vfio_teardown_msi(vdev);
+    vfio_unmap_bars(vdev);
+    g_free(vdev->emulated_config_bits);
+    g_free(vdev->rom);
+    vfio_put_device(vdev);
+    vfio_put_group(group);
+}
+
+static void vfio_pci_reset(DeviceState *dev)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pdev = DO_UPCAST(PCIDevice, qdev, dev);
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, pdev);
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_reset(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                         vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+
+    vfio_pci_pre_reset(vdev);
+
+    if (vdev->reset_works && (vdev->has_flr || !vdev->has_pm_reset) &&
+        !ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_RESET)) {
+        trace_vfio_pci_reset_flr(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                  vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+        goto post_reset;
+    }
+
+    /* See if we can do our own bus reset */
+    if (!vfio_pci_hot_reset_one(vdev)) {
+        goto post_reset;
+    }
+
+    /* If nothing else works and the device supports PM reset, use it */
+    if (vdev->reset_works && vdev->has_pm_reset &&
+        !ioctl(vdev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_RESET)) {
+        trace_vfio_pci_reset_pm(vdev->host.domain, vdev->host.bus,
+                                vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
+        goto post_reset;
+    }
+
+post_reset:
+    vfio_pci_post_reset(vdev);
+}
+
+static void vfio_instance_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    PCIDevice *pci_dev = PCI_DEVICE(obj);
+    VFIODevice *vdev = DO_UPCAST(VFIODevice, pdev, PCI_DEVICE(obj));
+
+    device_add_bootindex_property(obj, &vdev->bootindex,
+                                  "bootindex", NULL,
+                                  &pci_dev->qdev, NULL);
+}
+
+static Property vfio_pci_dev_properties[] = {
+    DEFINE_PROP_PCI_HOST_DEVADDR("host", VFIODevice, host),
+    DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("x-intx-mmap-timeout-ms", VFIODevice,
+                       intx.mmap_timeout, 1100),
+    DEFINE_PROP_BIT("x-vga", VFIODevice, features,
+                    VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_VGA_BIT, false),
+    /*
+     * TODO - support passed fds... is this necessary?
+     * DEFINE_PROP_STRING("vfiofd", VFIODevice, vfiofd_name),
+     * DEFINE_PROP_STRING("vfiogroupfd, VFIODevice, vfiogroupfd_name),
+     */
+    DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
+};
+
+static const VMStateDescription vfio_pci_vmstate = {
+    .name = "vfio-pci",
+    .unmigratable = 1,
+};
+
+static void vfio_pci_dev_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
+{
+    DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+    PCIDeviceClass *pdc = PCI_DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+
+    dc->reset = vfio_pci_reset;
+    dc->props = vfio_pci_dev_properties;
+    dc->vmsd = &vfio_pci_vmstate;
+    dc->desc = "VFIO-based PCI device assignment";
+    set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_MISC, dc->categories);
+    pdc->init = vfio_initfn;
+    pdc->exit = vfio_exitfn;
+    pdc->config_read = vfio_pci_read_config;
+    pdc->config_write = vfio_pci_write_config;
+    pdc->is_express = 1; /* We might be */
+}
+
+static const TypeInfo vfio_pci_dev_info = {
+    .name = "vfio-pci",
+    .parent = TYPE_PCI_DEVICE,
+    .instance_size = sizeof(VFIODevice),
+    .class_init = vfio_pci_dev_class_init,
+    .instance_init = vfio_instance_init,
+};
+
+static void register_vfio_pci_dev_type(void)
+{
+    type_register_static(&vfio_pci_dev_info);
+}
+
+type_init(register_vfio_pci_dev_type)
+
+static int vfio_container_do_ioctl(AddressSpace *as, int32_t groupid,
+                                   int req, void *param)
+{
+    VFIOGroup *group;
+    VFIOContainer *container;
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    group = vfio_get_group(groupid, as);
+    if (!group) {
+        error_report("vfio: group %d not registered", groupid);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    container = group->container;
+    if (group->container) {
+        ret = ioctl(container->fd, req, param);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            error_report("vfio: failed to ioctl container: ret=%d, %s",
+                         ret, strerror(errno));
+        }
+    }
+
+    vfio_put_group(group);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int vfio_container_ioctl(AddressSpace *as, int32_t groupid,
+                         int req, void *param)
+{
+    /* We allow only certain ioctls to the container */
+    switch (req) {
+    case VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION:
+    case VFIO_IOMMU_SPAPR_TCE_GET_INFO:
+        break;
+    default:
+        /* Return an error on unknown requests */
+        error_report("vfio: unsupported ioctl %X", req);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return vfio_container_do_ioctl(as, groupid, req, param);
+}
diff --git a/include/hw/misc/vfio.h b/include/hw/misc/vfio.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b26cd8..0000000
--- a/include/hw/misc/vfio.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef VFIO_API_H
-#define VFIO_API_H
-
-#include "qemu/typedefs.h"
-
-extern int vfio_container_ioctl(AddressSpace *as, int32_t groupid,
-                                int req, void *param);
-
-#endif
diff --git a/include/hw/vfio/vfio.h b/include/hw/vfio/vfio.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b26cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/hw/vfio/vfio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef VFIO_API_H
+#define VFIO_API_H
+
+#include "qemu/typedefs.h"
+
+extern int vfio_container_ioctl(AddressSpace *as, int32_t groupid,
+                                int req, void *param);
+
+#endif
