From patchwork Fri May 12 14:17:54 2023 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Esteban Blanc X-Patchwork-Id: 681441 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on aws-us-west-2-korg-lkml-1.web.codeaurora.org Received: from vger.kernel.org (vger.kernel.org [23.128.96.18]) by smtp.lore.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id C335BC77B75 for ; Fri, 12 May 2023 14:18:18 +0000 (UTC) Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S241534AbjELOSR (ORCPT ); Fri, 12 May 2023 10:18:17 -0400 Received: from lindbergh.monkeyblade.net ([23.128.96.19]:51036 "EHLO lindbergh.monkeyblade.net" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S241526AbjELOSQ (ORCPT ); Fri, 12 May 2023 10:18:16 -0400 Received: from mail-wm1-x329.google.com (mail-wm1-x329.google.com [IPv6:2a00:1450:4864:20::329]) by lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 217C014915 for ; Fri, 12 May 2023 07:18:01 -0700 (PDT) Received: by mail-wm1-x329.google.com with SMTP id 5b1f17b1804b1-3f42d937d61so40538455e9.3 for ; Fri, 12 May 2023 07:18:01 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=baylibre-com.20221208.gappssmtp.com; s=20221208; t=1683901079; x=1686493079; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:from:to:cc:subject:date :message-id:reply-to; bh=pGhBjJo+JVdy9s+IWKqzkk008TA/3her7F+1ovBD+R0=; b=IRCkhNMe6gnO5QYQ/pQPQMNzVoyE2X3wo0q+yRwCTYzofvfw7HgXKAu/OsxZ9Z7Vgx XmFs29OuE666JZprcgl2/X580weogi7KL9S8s1hKWno9pWkqzwTAWPFlpzPuo1I+i1aW YEQpjmZnUOB+zh/e6cQZTg7SY7pJzWf6X4Fnu5KfjnPejITwAl1cXCk+zG1ypu4LKDeD mq15eeex+Y0dIzTRXbJ4n/fQ8oRPVI2340YPeddU0hPwRdvpKlDnP14Zt2FH5THN604j UGCgJlBjYh8YeJQawiDHwQDEm8YQopwkR7kYMuWfNSxw1CBLti5uSYBYu7YwOxc6+kxl tW4A== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20221208; t=1683901079; x=1686493079; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc :subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=pGhBjJo+JVdy9s+IWKqzkk008TA/3her7F+1ovBD+R0=; b=YiQumPoqtpksOYHVfonhMZue24rw5Ven6oXmNP0KV7opxIED/vrFi8+YvPxqYV5Edb 87amc/yYKIq0yD0e2Xhl0ErjrUdbwSIGDRVzCCOYfQyH9s9+hOIbWbyfFvDYo8e9ST5I TH5twk16ibrNv/qMPniaRSHGLKerfafjcm64JEoxScSs6pYeiCdbdKddroVnCc7LZmZH QnNbHT53NoA/breUkyVrROv131Jfnk6JPrQRxVlGb9r3YwexvsEHGQO88w/2H7z0mPT5 KVdDctvQo/rNBxFgCrFrgefj3eBePdIiXQEhWxw4PvlKuct9SAaNsCGhZo9W06/xfp4y eH0g== X-Gm-Message-State: AC+VfDytPikqB81mFnsvCJ3LcCTer78NfP54HWMfVLGtVOa7aPu7paxB jEBUUL7jEaCq09MmjwDojOsSuA== X-Google-Smtp-Source: ACHHUZ6WSFcOPy6cBMx2TNzv2NTTcKN/axT3VK5JGPavmq6wgkKoCHBUuRKiVU5hwn4/QhzuMRBkQA== X-Received: by 2002:a7b:c012:0:b0:3f0:9d1a:223b with SMTP id c18-20020a7bc012000000b003f09d1a223bmr19030562wmb.16.1683901079538; Fri, 12 May 2023 07:17:59 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost.localdomain ([2a01:e0a:28d:66d0:c0c4:a67e:f152:1413]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id r12-20020a5d494c000000b003077f3dfcc8sm22819982wrs.32.2023.05.12.07.17.58 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Fri, 12 May 2023 07:17:59 -0700 (PDT) From: Esteban Blanc To: linus.walleij@linaro.org, lgirdwood@gmail.com, broonie@kernel.org, a.zummo@towertech.it, alexandre.belloni@bootlin.com Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-gpio@vger.kernel.org, linux-rtc@vger.kernel.org, jpanis@baylibre.com, jneanne@baylibre.com, aseketeli@baylibre.com, eblanc@baylibre.com, sterzik@ti.com, u-kumar1@ti.com Subject: [PATCH v4 2/3] pinctrl: tps6594: Add driver for TPS6594 pinctrl and GPIOs Date: Fri, 12 May 2023 16:17:54 +0200 Message-Id: <20230512141755.1712358-3-eblanc@baylibre.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.39.2 In-Reply-To: <20230512141755.1712358-1-eblanc@baylibre.com> References: <20230512141755.1712358-1-eblanc@baylibre.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Precedence: bulk List-ID: X-Mailing-List: linux-gpio@vger.kernel.org TI TPS6594 PMIC has 11 GPIOs which can be used for different functions. This patch adds a pinctrl and GPIO drivers in order to use those functions. Signed-off-by: Esteban Blanc --- drivers/pinctrl/Kconfig | 31 +++ drivers/pinctrl/Makefile | 2 + drivers/pinctrl/pinctrl-tps6594.c | 301 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ include/linux/mfd/tps6594.h | 3 +- 4 files changed, 336 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 drivers/pinctrl/pinctrl-tps6594.c diff --git a/drivers/pinctrl/Kconfig b/drivers/pinctrl/Kconfig index 5787c579dcf6..dd73df978d5c 100644 --- a/drivers/pinctrl/Kconfig +++ b/drivers/pinctrl/Kconfig @@ -480,6 +480,37 @@ config PINCTRL_TB10X depends on OF && ARC_PLAT_TB10X select GPIOLIB +config PINCTRL_THUNDERBAY + tristate "Generic pinctrl and GPIO driver for Intel Thunder Bay SoC" + depends on ARCH_THUNDERBAY || (ARM64 && COMPILE_TEST) + depends on HAS_IOMEM + select PINMUX + select PINCONF + select GENERIC_PINCONF + select GENERIC_PINCTRL_GROUPS + select GENERIC_PINMUX_FUNCTIONS + select GPIOLIB + select GPIOLIB_IRQCHIP + select GPIO_GENERIC + help + This selects pin control driver for the Intel Thunder Bay SoC. + It provides pin config functions such as pull-up, pull-down, + interrupt, drive strength, sec lock, Schmitt trigger, slew + rate control and direction control. This module will be + called as pinctrl-thunderbay. + +config PINCTRL_TPS6594 + tristate "Pinctrl and GPIO driver for TI TPS6594 PMIC" + depends on MFD_TPS6594 + default MFD_TPS6594 + select PINMUX + select GPIOLIB + select REGMAP + select GPIO_REGMAP + help + This driver supports GPIOs and pinmuxing for the TPS6594 + PMICs chip family. + config PINCTRL_ZYNQ bool "Pinctrl driver for Xilinx Zynq" depends on ARCH_ZYNQ diff --git a/drivers/pinctrl/Makefile b/drivers/pinctrl/Makefile index e196c6e324ad..a48cbf4e6126 100644 --- a/drivers/pinctrl/Makefile +++ b/drivers/pinctrl/Makefile @@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_ST) += pinctrl-st.o obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_STMFX) += pinctrl-stmfx.o obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_SX150X) += pinctrl-sx150x.o obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_TB10X) += pinctrl-tb10x.o +obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_THUNDERBAY) += pinctrl-thunderbay.o +obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_TPS6594) += pinctrl-tps6594.o obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_ZYNQMP) += pinctrl-zynqmp.o obj-$(CONFIG_PINCTRL_ZYNQ) += pinctrl-zynq.o diff --git a/drivers/pinctrl/pinctrl-tps6594.c b/drivers/pinctrl/pinctrl-tps6594.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..322e83ce8f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/drivers/pinctrl/pinctrl-tps6594.c @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +/* + * Pinmux and GPIO driver for tps6594 PMIC + * + * Copyright (C) 2022 BayLibre Incorporated - https://www.baylibre.com/ + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include + +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB 11 + +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_GPIO_FUNCTION 0 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_SCL_I2C2_CS_SPI_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_TRIG_WDOG_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_CLK32KOUT_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_SCLK_SPMI_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_SDATA_SPMI_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_NERR_MCU_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_PDOG_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_SYNCCLKIN_FUNCTION 1 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_NRSTOUT_SOC_FUNCTION 2 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_SYNCCLKOUT_FUNCTION 2 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_SDA_I2C2_SDO_SPI_FUNCTION 2 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_NERR_SOC_FUNCTION 2 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_DISABLE_WDOG_FUNCTION 3 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_NSLEEP1_FUNCTION 4 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_NSLEEP2_FUNCTION 5 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_WKUP1_FUNCTION 6 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_WKUP2_FUNCTION 7 + +/* Special muxval for recalcitrant pins */ +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_DISABLE_WDOG_FUNCTION_GPIO8 2 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_SYNCCLKOUT_FUNCTION_GPIO8 3 +#define TPS6594_PINCTRL_CLK32KOUT_FUNCTION_GPIO9 3 + +#define TPS6594_OFFSET_GPIO_SEL 5 + +static const struct pinctrl_pin_desc tps6594_pins[TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB] = { + PINCTRL_PIN(0, "GPIO0"), PINCTRL_PIN(1, "GPIO1"), + PINCTRL_PIN(2, "GPIO2"), PINCTRL_PIN(3, "GPIO3"), + PINCTRL_PIN(4, "GPIO4"), PINCTRL_PIN(5, "GPIO5"), + PINCTRL_PIN(6, "GPIO6"), PINCTRL_PIN(7, "GPIO7"), + PINCTRL_PIN(8, "GPIO8"), PINCTRL_PIN(9, "GPIO9"), + PINCTRL_PIN(10, "GPIO10"), +}; + +static const char *groups_name[TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB] = { + "GPIO0", "GPIO1", "GPIO2", "GPIO3", "GPIO4", "GPIO5", + "GPIO6", "GPIO7", "GPIO8", "GPIO9", "GPIO10" +}; + +struct tps6594_pinctrl_function { + const char *name; + u8 muxval; + const char **groups; + unsigned long ngroups; +}; + +static const struct tps6594_pinctrl_function pinctrl_functions[] = { + { "gpio", TPS6594_PINCTRL_GPIO_FUNCTION, groups_name, + TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB }, + { "nsleep1", TPS6594_PINCTRL_NSLEEP1_FUNCTION, groups_name, + TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB }, + { "nsleep2", TPS6594_PINCTRL_NSLEEP2_FUNCTION, groups_name, + TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB }, + { "wkup1", TPS6594_PINCTRL_WKUP1_FUNCTION, groups_name, + TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB }, + { "wkup2", TPS6594_PINCTRL_WKUP2_FUNCTION, groups_name, + TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB }, + { "scl_i2c2-cs_spi", TPS6594_PINCTRL_SCL_I2C2_CS_SPI_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO0", "GPIO1" }, 2 }, + { "nrstout_soc", TPS6594_PINCTRL_NRSTOUT_SOC_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO0", "GPIO10" }, 2 }, + { "trig_wdog", TPS6594_PINCTRL_TRIG_WDOG_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO1", "GPIO10" }, 2 }, + { "sda_i2c2-sdo_spi", TPS6594_PINCTRL_SDA_I2C2_SDO_SPI_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO1" }, 1 }, + { "clk32kout", TPS6594_PINCTRL_CLK32KOUT_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO2", "GPIO3", "GPIO7" }, 3 }, + { "nerr_soc", TPS6594_PINCTRL_NERR_SOC_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO2" }, 1 }, + { "sclk_spmi", TPS6594_PINCTRL_SCLK_SPMI_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO4" }, 1 }, + { "sdata_spmi", TPS6594_PINCTRL_SDATA_SPMI_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO5" }, 1 }, + { "nerr_mcu", TPS6594_PINCTRL_NERR_MCU_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO6" }, 1 }, + { "syncclkout", TPS6594_PINCTRL_SYNCCLKOUT_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO7", "GPIO9" }, 2 }, + { "disable_wdog", TPS6594_PINCTRL_DISABLE_WDOG_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO7", "GPIO8" }, 2 }, + { "pdog", TPS6594_PINCTRL_PDOG_FUNCTION, (const char *[]){ "GPIO8" }, + 1 }, + { "syncclkin", TPS6594_PINCTRL_SYNCCLKIN_FUNCTION, + (const char *[]){ "GPIO9" }, 1 }, +}; + +struct tps6594_pinctrl { + struct tps6594 *tps; + struct gpio_regmap *gpio_regmap; + struct pinctrl_dev *pctl_dev; + const struct tps6594_pinctrl_function *funcs; + const struct pinctrl_pin_desc *pins; +}; + +static int tps6594_gpio_regmap_xlate(struct gpio_regmap *gpio, + unsigned int base, unsigned int offset, + unsigned int *reg, unsigned int *mask) +{ + unsigned int line = offset % 8; + unsigned int stride = offset / 8; + + switch (base) { + case TPS6594_REG_GPIO1_CONF: + *reg = TPS6594_REG_GPIOX_CONF(offset); + *mask = TPS6594_BIT_GPIO_DIR; + break; + case TPS6594_REG_GPIO_IN_1: + case TPS6594_REG_GPIO_OUT_1: + *reg = base + stride; + *mask = BIT(line); + break; + default: + return -EINVAL; + } + + return 0; +} + +static int tps6594_pmx_func_cnt(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev) +{ + return ARRAY_SIZE(pinctrl_functions); +} + +static const char *tps6594_pmx_func_name(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, + unsigned int selector) +{ + struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl = pinctrl_dev_get_drvdata(pctldev); + + return pinctrl->funcs[selector].name; +} + +static int tps6594_pmx_func_groups(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, + unsigned int selector, + const char *const **groups, + unsigned int *num_groups) +{ + struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl = pinctrl_dev_get_drvdata(pctldev); + + *groups = pinctrl->funcs[selector].groups; + *num_groups = pinctrl->funcs[selector].ngroups; + + return 0; +} + +static int tps6594_pmx_set(struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl, unsigned int pin, + u8 muxval) +{ + u8 mux_sel_val = muxval << TPS6594_OFFSET_GPIO_SEL; + + return regmap_update_bits(pinctrl->tps->regmap, + TPS6594_REG_GPIOX_CONF(pin), + TPS6594_MASK_GPIO_SEL, mux_sel_val); +} + +static int tps6594_pmx_set_mux(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, + unsigned int function, unsigned int group) +{ + struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl = pinctrl_dev_get_drvdata(pctldev); + u8 muxval = pinctrl->funcs[function].muxval; + + /* Some pins don't have the same muxval for the same function... */ + if (group == 8) { + if (muxval == TPS6594_PINCTRL_DISABLE_WDOG_FUNCTION) + muxval = TPS6594_PINCTRL_DISABLE_WDOG_FUNCTION_GPIO8; + else if (muxval == TPS6594_PINCTRL_SYNCCLKOUT_FUNCTION) + muxval = TPS6594_PINCTRL_SYNCCLKOUT_FUNCTION_GPIO8; + } else if (group == 9) { + if (muxval == TPS6594_PINCTRL_CLK32KOUT_FUNCTION) + muxval = TPS6594_PINCTRL_CLK32KOUT_FUNCTION_GPIO9; + } + + return tps6594_pmx_set(pinctrl, group, muxval); +} + +static int tps6594_pmx_gpio_set_direction(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, + struct pinctrl_gpio_range *range, + unsigned int offset, bool input) +{ + struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl = pinctrl_dev_get_drvdata(pctldev); + u8 muxval = pinctrl->funcs[TPS6594_PINCTRL_GPIO_FUNCTION].muxval; + + return tps6594_pmx_set(pinctrl, offset, muxval); +} + +static const struct pinmux_ops tps6594_pmx_ops = { + .get_functions_count = tps6594_pmx_func_cnt, + .get_function_name = tps6594_pmx_func_name, + .get_function_groups = tps6594_pmx_func_groups, + .set_mux = tps6594_pmx_set_mux, + .gpio_set_direction = tps6594_pmx_gpio_set_direction, + .strict = true, +}; + +static int tps6594_groups_cnt(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev) +{ + return ARRAY_SIZE(tps6594_pins); +} + +static int tps6594_group_pins(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, + unsigned int selector, const unsigned int **pins, + unsigned int *num_pins) +{ + struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl = pinctrl_dev_get_drvdata(pctldev); + + *pins = (unsigned int *)&pinctrl->pins[selector]; + *num_pins = 1; + + return 0; +} + +static const char *tps6594_group_name(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, + unsigned int selector) +{ + struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl = pinctrl_dev_get_drvdata(pctldev); + + return pinctrl->pins[selector].name; +} + +static const struct pinctrl_ops tps6594_pctrl_ops = { + .dt_node_to_map = pinconf_generic_dt_node_to_map_group, + .dt_free_map = pinconf_generic_dt_free_map, + .get_groups_count = tps6594_groups_cnt, + .get_group_name = tps6594_group_name, + .get_group_pins = tps6594_group_pins, +}; + +static int tps6594_pinctrl_probe(struct platform_device *pdev) +{ + struct tps6594 *tps = dev_get_drvdata(pdev->dev.parent); + struct tps6594_pinctrl *pinctrl; + struct pinctrl_desc *pctrl_desc; + struct gpio_regmap_config config = {}; + + pctrl_desc = devm_kzalloc(&pdev->dev, sizeof(*pctrl_desc), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!pctrl_desc) + return -ENOMEM; + pctrl_desc->name = dev_name(&pdev->dev); + pctrl_desc->owner = THIS_MODULE; + pctrl_desc->pins = tps6594_pins; + pctrl_desc->npins = ARRAY_SIZE(tps6594_pins); + pctrl_desc->pctlops = &tps6594_pctrl_ops; + pctrl_desc->pmxops = &tps6594_pmx_ops; + + pinctrl = devm_kzalloc(&pdev->dev, sizeof(*pinctrl), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!pinctrl) + return -ENOMEM; + pinctrl->tps = dev_get_drvdata(pdev->dev.parent); + pinctrl->funcs = pinctrl_functions; + pinctrl->pins = tps6594_pins; + pinctrl->pctl_dev = + devm_pinctrl_register(&pdev->dev, pctrl_desc, pinctrl); + if (IS_ERR(pinctrl->pctl_dev)) { + dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Couldn't register pinctrl driver\n"); + return PTR_ERR(pinctrl->pctl_dev); + } + + config.parent = tps->dev; + config.regmap = tps->regmap; + config.ngpio = TPS6594_PINCTRL_PINS_NB; + config.ngpio_per_reg = 8; + config.reg_dat_base = TPS6594_REG_GPIO_IN_1; + config.reg_set_base = TPS6594_REG_GPIO_OUT_1; + config.reg_dir_out_base = TPS6594_REG_GPIO1_CONF; + config.reg_mask_xlate = tps6594_gpio_regmap_xlate; + + pinctrl->gpio_regmap = devm_gpio_regmap_register(&pdev->dev, &config); + if (IS_ERR(pinctrl->gpio_regmap)) { + dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Couldn't register gpio_regmap driver\n"); + return PTR_ERR(pinctrl->pctl_dev); + } + + return 0; +} + +static struct platform_driver tps6594_pinctrl_driver = { + .driver = { .name = "tps6594-pinctrl" }, + .probe = tps6594_pinctrl_probe, +}; +module_platform_driver(tps6594_pinctrl_driver); + +MODULE_ALIAS("platform:tps6594-pinctrl"); +MODULE_AUTHOR("Esteban Blanc "); +MODULE_DESCRIPTION("TPS6594 pinctrl and GPIO driver"); +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); diff --git a/include/linux/mfd/tps6594.h b/include/linux/mfd/tps6594.h index 3f7c5e23cd4c..93da782ed2b7 100644 --- a/include/linux/mfd/tps6594.h +++ b/include/linux/mfd/tps6594.h @@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ enum pmic_id { #define TPS6594_REG_VMON2_PG_WINDOW 0x2f #define TPS6594_REG_VMON2_PG_LEVEL 0x30 -#define TPS6594_REG_GPIOX_CONF(gpio_inst) (0x31 + (gpio_inst)) +#define TPS6594_REG_GPIO1_CONF 0x31 +#define TPS6594_REG_GPIOX_CONF(gpio_inst) (TPS6594_REG_GPIO1_CONF + (gpio_inst)) #define TPS6594_REG_NPWRON_CONF 0x3c #define TPS6594_REG_GPIO_OUT_1 0x3d #define TPS6594_REG_GPIO_OUT_2 0x3e