[13/26] contrib/plugins: control flow plugin

This is a simple control flow tracking plugin that uses the latest
inline and conditional operations to detect and track control flow
changes. It is currently an exercise at seeing how useful the changes
are.

Based-on: <20240312075428.244210-1-pierrick.bouvier@linaro.org>
Cc: Gustavo Romero <gustavo.romero@linaro.org>
Cc: Pierrick Bouvier <pierrick.bouvier@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Alex Bennée <alex.bennee@linaro.org>
Message-Id: <20240311153432.1395190-1-alex.bennee@linaro.org>

---
v2
  - only need a single call back
  - drop need for INSN_WIDTH
  - still don't understand the early exits

v3
  - move initial STORE ops to first instruction to avoid confusion
  with the conditional callback on the start
  - filter out non-branches before processing
  - fix off-by-one with accounting
  - display "sync fault" or "branch" instead of raw numbers
v4
  - rename hotdest to hottest (i.e. the hottest branch insn)
  - rename early to exception
  - WIP insn structure
---
 contrib/plugins/cflow.c  | 413 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/plugins/Makefile |   1 +
 2 files changed, 414 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 contrib/plugins/cflow.c

On 9/10/24 07:07, Alex Bennée wrote:
> This is a simple control flow tracking plugin that uses the latest
> inline and conditional operations to detect and track control flow
> changes. It is currently an exercise at seeing how useful the changes
> are.
> 
> Based-on: <20240312075428.244210-1-pierrick.bouvier@linaro.org>
> Cc: Gustavo Romero <gustavo.romero@linaro.org>
> Cc: Pierrick Bouvier <pierrick.bouvier@linaro.org>
> Signed-off-by: Alex Bennée <alex.bennee@linaro.org>
> Message-Id: <20240311153432.1395190-1-alex.bennee@linaro.org>
> 
> ---
> v2
>    - only need a single call back
>    - drop need for INSN_WIDTH
>    - still don't understand the early exits
> 
> v3
>    - move initial STORE ops to first instruction to avoid confusion
>    with the conditional callback on the start
>    - filter out non-branches before processing
>    - fix off-by-one with accounting
>    - display "sync fault" or "branch" instead of raw numbers
> v4
>    - rename hotdest to hottest (i.e. the hottest branch insn)
>    - rename early to exception
>    - WIP insn structure
> ---
>   contrib/plugins/cflow.c  | 413 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>   contrib/plugins/Makefile |   1 +
>   2 files changed, 414 insertions(+)
>   create mode 100644 contrib/plugins/cflow.c
> 
> diff --git a/contrib/plugins/cflow.c b/contrib/plugins/cflow.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000000..173daec60d
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/contrib/plugins/cflow.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
> +/*
> + * Control Flow plugin
> + *
> + * This plugin will track changes to control flow and detect where
> + * instructions fault.
> + *
> + * Copyright (c) 2024 Linaro Ltd
> + *
> + * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
> + */
> +#include <glib.h>
> +#include <inttypes.h>
> +#include <stdio.h>
> +#include <stdlib.h>
> +#include <string.h>
> +#include <unistd.h>
> +
> +#include <qemu-plugin.h>
> +
> +QEMU_PLUGIN_EXPORT int qemu_plugin_version = QEMU_PLUGIN_VERSION;
> +
> +typedef enum {
> +    SORT_HOTTEST,  /* hottest branch insn */
> +    SORT_EXCEPTION,    /* most early exits */
> +    SORT_POPDEST,  /* most destinations (usually ret's) */
> +} ReportType;
> +
> +ReportType report = SORT_HOTTEST;
> +int topn = 10;
> +
> +typedef struct {
> +    uint64_t daddr;
> +    uint64_t dcount;
> +} DestData;
> +
> +/* A node is an address where we can go to multiple places */
> +typedef struct {
> +    GMutex lock;
> +    /* address of the branch point */
> +    uint64_t addr;
> +    /* array of DestData */
> +    GArray *dests;
> +    /* early exit/fault count */
> +    uint64_t early_exit;
> +    /* jump destination count */
> +    uint64_t dest_count;
> +    /* instruction data */
> +    char *insn_disas;
> +    /* symbol? */
> +    const char *symbol;
> +    /* times translated as last in block? */
> +    int last_count;
> +    /* times translated in the middle of block? */
> +    int mid_count;
> +} NodeData;
> +
> +typedef enum {
> +    /* last insn in block, expected flow control */
> +    LAST_INSN = (1 << 0),
> +    /* mid-block insn, can only be an exception */
> +    EXCP_INSN = (1 << 1),
> +    /* multiple disassembly, may have changed */
> +    MULT_INSN = (1 << 2),
> +} InsnTypes;
> +
> +typedef struct {
> +    /* address of the branch point */
> +    uint64_t addr;
> +    /* disassembly */
> +    char *insn_disas;
> +    /* symbol? */
> +    const char *symbol;
> +    /* types */
> +    InsnTypes type_flag;
> +} InsnData;
> +
> +/* We use this to track the current execution state */
> +typedef struct {
> +    /* address of end of block */
> +    uint64_t end_block;
> +    /* next pc after end of block */
> +    uint64_t pc_after_block;
> +    /* address of last executed PC */
> +    uint64_t last_pc;
> +} VCPUScoreBoard;
> +
> +/* descriptors for accessing the above scoreboard */
> +static qemu_plugin_u64 end_block;
> +static qemu_plugin_u64 pc_after_block;
> +static qemu_plugin_u64 last_pc;
> +
> +
> +static GMutex node_lock;
> +static GHashTable *nodes;
> +struct qemu_plugin_scoreboard *state;
> +
> +static GMutex insn_lock;
> +static GHashTable *insn_hash;
> +
> +/* SORT_HOTTEST */
> +static gint hottest(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
> +{
> +    NodeData *na = (NodeData *) a;
> +    NodeData *nb = (NodeData *) b;
> +
> +    return na->dest_count > nb->dest_count ? -1 :
> +        na->dest_count == nb->dest_count ? 0 : 1;
> +}
> +
> +static gint exception(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
> +{
> +    NodeData *na = (NodeData *) a;
> +    NodeData *nb = (NodeData *) b;
> +
> +    return na->early_exit > nb->early_exit ? -1 :
> +        na->early_exit == nb->early_exit ? 0 : 1;
> +}
> +
> +static gint popular(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
> +{
> +    NodeData *na = (NodeData *) a;
> +    NodeData *nb = (NodeData *) b;
> +
> +    return na->dests->len > nb->dests->len ? -1 :
> +        na->dests->len == nb->dests->len ? 0 : 1;
> +}
> +
> +/* Filter out non-branches - returns true to remove entry */
> +static gboolean filter_non_branches(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data)
> +{
> +    NodeData *node = (NodeData *) value;
> +
> +    return node->dest_count == 0;
> +}
> +
> +static void plugin_exit(qemu_plugin_id_t id, void *p)
> +{
> +    g_autoptr(GString) result = g_string_new("collected ");
> +    GList *data;
> +    GCompareFunc sort = &hottest;
> +    int n = 0;
> +
> +    g_mutex_lock(&node_lock);
> +    g_string_append_printf(result, "%d control flow nodes in the hash table\n",
> +                           g_hash_table_size(nodes));
> +
> +    /* remove all nodes that didn't branch */
> +    g_hash_table_foreach_remove(nodes, filter_non_branches, NULL);
> +
> +    data = g_hash_table_get_values(nodes);
> +
> +    switch (report) {
> +    case SORT_HOTTEST:
> +        sort = &hottest;
> +        break;
> +    case SORT_EXCEPTION:
> +        sort = &exception;
> +        break;
> +    case SORT_POPDEST:
> +        sort = &popular;
> +        break;
> +    }
> +
> +    data = g_list_sort(data, sort);
> +
> +    for (GList *l = data;
> +         l != NULL && n < topn;
> +         l = l->next, n++) {
> +        NodeData *n = l->data;
> +        const char *type = n->mid_count ? "sync fault" : "branch";
> +        g_string_append_printf(result, "  addr: 0x%"PRIx64 " %s: %s (%s)\n",
> +                               n->addr, n->symbol, n->insn_disas, type);
> +        if (n->early_exit) {
> +            g_string_append_printf(result, "    early exits %"PRId64"\n",
> +                                   n->early_exit);
> +        }
> +        g_string_append_printf(result, "    branches %"PRId64"\n",
> +                               n->dest_count);
> +        for (int j = 0; j < n->dests->len; j++ ) {
> +            DestData *dd = &g_array_index(n->dests, DestData, j);
> +            g_string_append_printf(result, "      to 0x%"PRIx64" (%"PRId64")\n",
> +                                   dd->daddr, dd->dcount);
> +        }
> +    }
> +
> +    qemu_plugin_outs(result->str);
> +
> +    g_mutex_unlock(&node_lock);
> +}
> +
> +static void plugin_init(void)
> +{
> +    g_mutex_init(&node_lock);
> +    nodes = g_hash_table_new(NULL, g_direct_equal);
> +    state = qemu_plugin_scoreboard_new(sizeof(VCPUScoreBoard));
> +
> +    /* score board declarations */
> +    end_block = qemu_plugin_scoreboard_u64_in_struct(state, VCPUScoreBoard, end_block);
> +    pc_after_block = qemu_plugin_scoreboard_u64_in_struct(state, VCPUScoreBoard, pc_after_block);
> +    last_pc = qemu_plugin_scoreboard_u64_in_struct(state, VCPUScoreBoard, last_pc);
> +}
> +
> +static NodeData *create_node(uint64_t addr)
> +{
> +    NodeData *node = g_new0(NodeData, 1);
> +    g_mutex_init(&node->lock);
> +    node->addr = addr;
> +    node->dests = g_array_new(true, true, sizeof(DestData));
> +    return node;
> +}
> +
> +static NodeData *fetch_node(uint64_t addr, bool create_if_not_found)
> +{
> +    NodeData *node = NULL;
> +
> +    g_mutex_lock(&node_lock);
> +    node = (NodeData *) g_hash_table_lookup(nodes, (gconstpointer) addr);
> +    if (!node && create_if_not_found) {
> +        node = create_node(addr);
> +        g_hash_table_insert(nodes, (gpointer) addr, (gpointer) node);
> +    }
> +    g_mutex_unlock(&node_lock);
> +    return node;
> +}
> +
> +#if 0
> +static InsnData *fetch_insn(uint64_t addr, struct qemu_plugin_insn *insn, InsnTypes flag)
> +{
> +    InsnData *d = NULL;
> +
> +    g_mutex_lock(&insn_lock);
> +    d = (InsnData *) g_hash_table_lookup(insn_hash, (gconstpointer) addr);
> +    if (!d) {
> +        d = g_new0(InsnData, 1);
> +        d->addr = addr;
> +        d->type_flag = flag;
> +        d->insn_disas = qemu_plugin_insn_disas(insn);
> +        d->symbol = qemu_plugin_insn_symbol(insn);
> +        g_hash_table_insert(insn_hash, (gpointer) addr, (gpointer) d);
> +    } else {
> +        g_autofree char* cmp_disas = qemu_plugin_insn_disas(insn);
> +        if (g_strcmp0(d->insn_disas, cmp_disas) != 0) {
> +            d->type_flag |= MULT_INSN;
> +        }
> +        d->type_flag |= flag;
> +    }
> +    g_mutex_unlock(&insn_lock);
> +    return d;
> +}
> +#endif
> +
> +/*
> + * Called when we detect a non-linear execution (pc !=
> + * pc_after_block). This could be due to a fault causing some sort of
> + * exit exception (if last_pc != block_end) or just a taken branch.
> + */
> +static void vcpu_tb_branched_exec(unsigned int cpu_index, void *udata)
> +{
> +    uint64_t lpc = qemu_plugin_u64_get(last_pc, cpu_index);
> +    uint64_t ebpc = qemu_plugin_u64_get(end_block, cpu_index);
> +    uint64_t npc = qemu_plugin_u64_get(pc_after_block, cpu_index);
> +    uint64_t pc = GPOINTER_TO_UINT(udata);
> +
> +    /* return early for address 0 */
> +    if (!lpc) {
> +        return;
> +    }
> +
> +    NodeData *node = fetch_node(lpc, true);
> +    DestData *data = NULL;
> +    bool early_exit = (lpc != ebpc);
> +    GArray *dests;
> +
> +    /* the condition should never hit */
> +    g_assert(pc != npc);
> +
> +    g_mutex_lock(&node->lock);
> +
> +    if (early_exit) {
> +        fprintf(stderr, "%s: pc=%"PRIx64", epbc=%"PRIx64
> +                " npc=%"PRIx64", lpc=%"PRIx64", \n",
> +                __func__, pc, ebpc, npc, lpc);
> +        node->early_exit++;
> +        if (!node->mid_count) {
> +            /* count now as we've only just allocated */
> +            node->mid_count++;
> +        }
> +    }
> +
> +    dests = node->dests;
> +    for (int i = 0; i < dests->len; i++) {
> +        if (g_array_index(dests, DestData, i).daddr == pc) {
> +            data = &g_array_index(dests, DestData, i);
> +        }
> +    }
> +
> +    /* we've never seen this before, allocate a new entry */
> +    if (!data) {
> +        DestData new_entry = { .daddr = pc };
> +        g_array_append_val(dests, new_entry);
> +        data = &g_array_index(dests, DestData, dests->len - 1);
> +        g_assert(data->daddr == pc);
> +    }
> +
> +    data->dcount++;
> +    node->dest_count++;
> +
> +    g_mutex_unlock(&node->lock);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * At the start of each block we need to resolve two things:
> + *
> + *  - is last_pc == block_end, if not we had an early exit
> + *  - is start of block last_pc + insn width, if not we jumped
> + *
> + * Once those are dealt with we can instrument the rest of the
> + * instructions for their execution.
> + *
> + */
> +static void vcpu_tb_trans(qemu_plugin_id_t id, struct qemu_plugin_tb *tb)
> +{
> +    uint64_t pc = qemu_plugin_tb_vaddr(tb);
> +    size_t insns = qemu_plugin_tb_n_insns(tb);
> +    struct qemu_plugin_insn *first_insn = qemu_plugin_tb_get_insn(tb, 0);
> +    struct qemu_plugin_insn *last_insn = qemu_plugin_tb_get_insn(tb, insns - 1);
> +
> +    /*
> +     * check if we are executing linearly after the last block. We can
> +     * handle both early block exits and normal branches in the
> +     * callback if we hit it.
> +     */
> +    gpointer udata = GUINT_TO_POINTER(pc);
> +    qemu_plugin_register_vcpu_tb_exec_cond_cb(
> +        tb, vcpu_tb_branched_exec, QEMU_PLUGIN_CB_NO_REGS,
> +        QEMU_PLUGIN_COND_NE, pc_after_block, pc, udata);
> +
> +    /*
> +     * Now we can set start/end for this block so the next block can
> +     * check where we are at. Do this on the first instruction and not
> +     * the TB so we don't get mixed up with above.
> +     */
> +    qemu_plugin_register_vcpu_insn_exec_inline_per_vcpu(first_insn,
> +                                                      QEMU_PLUGIN_INLINE_STORE_U64,
> +                                                      end_block, qemu_plugin_insn_vaddr(last_insn));
> +    qemu_plugin_register_vcpu_insn_exec_inline_per_vcpu(first_insn,
> +                                                      QEMU_PLUGIN_INLINE_STORE_U64,
> +                                                      pc_after_block,
> +                                                      qemu_plugin_insn_vaddr(last_insn) +
> +                                                      qemu_plugin_insn_size(last_insn));
> +
> +    for (int idx = 0; idx < qemu_plugin_tb_n_insns(tb); ++idx) {
> +        struct qemu_plugin_insn *insn = qemu_plugin_tb_get_insn(tb, idx);
> +        uint64_t ipc = qemu_plugin_insn_vaddr(insn);
> +        /*
> +         * If this is a potential branch point check if we could grab
> +         * the disassembly for it. If it is the last instruction
> +         * always create an entry.
> +         */
> +        NodeData *node = fetch_node(ipc, last_insn);
> +        if (node) {
> +            g_mutex_lock(&node->lock);
> +            if (!node->insn_disas) {
> +                node->insn_disas = qemu_plugin_insn_disas(insn);
> +            }
> +            if (!node->symbol) {
> +                node->symbol = qemu_plugin_insn_symbol(insn);
> +            }
> +            if (last_insn == insn) {
> +                node->last_count++;
> +            } else {
> +                node->mid_count++;
> +            }
> +            g_mutex_unlock(&node->lock);
> +        }
> +
> +        /* Store the PC of what we are about to execute */
> +        qemu_plugin_register_vcpu_insn_exec_inline_per_vcpu(insn,
> +                                                            QEMU_PLUGIN_INLINE_STORE_U64,
> +                                                            last_pc, ipc);
> +    }
> +}
> +
> +QEMU_PLUGIN_EXPORT
> +int qemu_plugin_install(qemu_plugin_id_t id, const qemu_info_t *info,
> +                        int argc, char **argv)
> +{
> +    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
> +        char *opt = argv[i];
> +        g_auto(GStrv) tokens = g_strsplit(opt, "=", 2);
> +        if (g_strcmp0(tokens[0], "sort") == 0) {
> +            if (g_strcmp0(tokens[1], "hottest") == 0) {
> +                report = SORT_HOTTEST;
> +            } else if (g_strcmp0(tokens[1], "early") == 0) {
> +                report = SORT_EXCEPTION;
> +            } else if (g_strcmp0(tokens[1], "exceptions") == 0) {
> +                report = SORT_POPDEST;
> +            } else {
> +                fprintf(stderr, "failed to parse: %s\n", tokens[1]);
> +                return -1;
> +            }
> +        } else {
> +            fprintf(stderr, "option parsing failed: %s\n", opt);
> +            return -1;
> +        }
> +    }
> +
> +    plugin_init();
> +
> +    qemu_plugin_register_vcpu_tb_trans_cb(id, vcpu_tb_trans);
> +    qemu_plugin_register_atexit_cb(id, plugin_exit, NULL);
> +    return 0;
> +}
> diff --git a/contrib/plugins/Makefile b/contrib/plugins/Makefile
> index 05a2a45c5c..d4ac599f93 100644
> --- a/contrib/plugins/Makefile
> +++ b/contrib/plugins/Makefile
> @@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ NAMES += cache
>   NAMES += drcov
>   NAMES += ips
>   NAMES += stoptrigger
> +NAMES += cflow
>   
>   ifeq ($(CONFIG_WIN32),y)
>   SO_SUFFIX := .dll

I still think it would be better to track edges than nodes, as explained 
on original RFC posted, but it can be worked on later.

Reviewed-by: Pierrick Bouvier <pierrick.bouvier@linaro.org>