===================================================================
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Working-State Power Management
:maxdepth: 2
cpuidle
+ intel_idle
cpufreq
intel_pstate
intel_epb
===================================================================
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+.. include:: <isonum.txt>
+
+==============================================
+``intel_idle`` CPU Idle Time Management Driver
+==============================================
+
+:Copyright: |copy| 2020 Intel Corporation
+
+:Author: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
+
+
+General Information
+===================
+
+``intel_idle`` is a part of the
+:doc:`CPU idle time management subsystem <cpuidle>` in the Linux kernel
+(``CPUIdle``). It is the default CPU idle time management driver for the
+Nehalem and later generations of Intel processors, but the level of support for
+a particular processor model in it depends on whether or not it recognizes that
+processor model and may also depend on information coming from the platform
+firmware. [To understand ``intel_idle`` it is necessary to know how ``CPUIdle``
+works in general, so this is the time to get familiar with :doc:`cpuidle` if you
+have not done that yet.]
+
+``intel_idle`` uses the ``MWAIT`` instruction to inform the processor that the
+logical CPU executing it is idle and so it may be possible to put some of the
+processor's functional blocks into low-power states. That instruction takes two
+arguments (passed in the ``EAX`` and ``ECX`` registers of the target CPU), the
+first of which, referred to as a *hint*, can be used by the processor to
+determine what can be done (for details refer to Intel Software Developer’s
+Manual [1]_). Accordingly, ``intel_idle`` refuses to work with processors in
+which the support for the ``MWAIT`` instruction has been disabled (for example,
+via the platform firmware configuration menu) or which do not support that
+instruction at all.
+
+``intel_idle`` is not modular, so it cannot be unloaded, which means that the
+only way to pass early-configuration-time parameters to it is via the kernel
+command line.
+
+
+.. _intel-idle-enumeration-of-states:
+
+Enumeration of Idle States
+==========================
+
+Each ``MWAIT`` hint value is interpreted by the processor as a license to
+reconfigure itself in a certain way in order to save energy. The processor
+configurations (with reduced power draw) resulting from that are referred to
+as C-states (in the ACPI terminology) or idle states. The list of meaningful
+``MWAIT`` hint values and idle states (i.e. low-power configurations of the
+processor) corresponding to them depends on the processor model and it may also
+depend on the configuration of the platform.
+
+In order to create a list of available idle states required by the ``CPUIdle``
+subsystem (see :ref:`idle-states-representation` in :doc:`cpuidle`),
+``intel_idle`` can use two sources of information: static tables of idle states
+for different processor models included in the driver itself and the ACPI tables
+of the system. The former are always used if the processor model at hand is
+recognized by ``intel_idle`` and the latter are used if that is required for
+the given processor model (which is the case for all server processor models
+recognized by ``intel_idle``) or if the processor model is not recognized.
+
+If the ACPI tables are going to be used for building the list of available idle
+states, ``intel_idle`` first looks for a ``_CST`` object under one of the ACPI
+objects corresponding to the CPUs in the system (refer to the ACPI specification
+[2]_ for the description of ``_CST`` and its output package). Because the
+``CPUIdle`` subsystem expects that the list of idle states supplied by the
+driver will be suitable for all of the CPUs handled by it and ``intel_idle`` is
+registered as the ``CPUIdle`` driver for all of the CPUs in the system, the
+driver looks for the first ``_CST`` object returning at least one valid idle
+state description and such that all of the idle states included in its return
+package are of the FFH (Functional Fixed Hardware) type, which means that the
+``MWAIT`` instruction is expected to be used to tell the processor that it can
+enter one of them. The return package of that ``_CST`` is then assumed to be
+applicable to all of the other CPUs in the system and the idle state
+descriptions extracted from it are stored in a preliminary list of idle states
+coming from the ACPI tables. [This step is skipped if ``intel_idle`` is
+configured to ignore the ACPI tables; see `below <intel-idle-parameters_>`_.]
+
+Next, the first (index 0) entry in the list of available idle states is
+initialized to represent a "polling idle state", which means that its
+``->enter()`` routine executes a special "pause" sequence of instructions in a
+tight loop (it is a pseudo-idle state in which the target CPU continuously
+fetches and executes instructions), and the subsequent (real) idle state entries
+are populated as follows.
+
+If the processor model at hand is recognized by ``intel_idle``, there is a
+(static) table of idle state descriptions for it in the driver. In that case,
+the "internal" table is the primary source of information on idle states and all
+of the entries from it (that are not marked as "unusable" after applying quirks
+and the number of ``MWAIT`` substates for them is not zero; see
+`below <intel-idle-initialization-and-quirks_>`_) are copied to the final list
+of available idle states. If using the ACPI tables for the enumeration of idle
+states is not required (depending on the processor model), all of them are
+enabled by default (so all of them will be taken into consideration by
+``CPUIdle`` governors during CPU idle state selection). Otherwise, the idle
+states specifically marked as the ones that should be always enabled by default
+are enabled by default and for each of the other idle states the ``MWAIT`` hint
+included in its description is compared with the ``MWAIT`` hints in the
+preliminary list of idle states coming from the ACPI tables. If there is a
+match (i.e. one of the ``MWAIT`` hint values exposed by the platform firmware is
+equal to the given idle state's ``MWAIT`` hint), the given idle state will be
+enabled by default. If that is not the case, it will be disabled initially, but
+user space will be able to enable it later (on a per-CPU basis) with the help of
+the ``disable`` idle state attribute in ``sysfs`` (see
+:ref:`idle-states-representation` in :doc:`cpuidle`). This basically means that
+the idle states "known" to the driver are enabled by default if they have
+also been exposed by the platform firmware (through the ACPI tables) or if they
+are specifically marked to be always enabled by default.
+
+If the given processor model is not recognized by ``intel_idle``, but it
+supports ``MWAIT``, the preliminary list of idle states coming from the ACPI
+tables is used for building the final list that will be supplied to the
+``CPUIdle`` core during driver registration. For each idle state in that list,
+the description, ``MWAIT`` hint and exit latency are copied to the corresponding
+entry in the final list of idle states. The name of the idle state represented
+by it (to be returned by the ``name`` idle state attribute in ``sysfs``) is
+"CX_ACPI", where X is the index of that idle state in the final list (note that
+the minimum value of X is 1, because 0 is reserved for the "polling" state), and
+its target residency is based on the exit latency value. Specifically, for
+C1-type idle states the exit latency value is also used as the target residency
+(for compatibility with the majority of the "internal" tables of idle states for
+various processor models recognized by ``intel_idle``) and for the other idle
+state types (C2 and C3) the target residency value is 3 times the exit latency
+(again, that is because it reflects the target residency to exit latency ratio
+in the majority of cases for the processor models recognized by ``intel_idle``).
+All of the idle states in the final list are enabled by default in this case.
+
+
+.. _intel-idle-initialization-and-quirks:
+
+Initialization
+==============
+
+The initialization of ``intel_idle`` starts with checking if the kernel command
+line options forbid the use of the ``MWAIT`` instruction. If that is the case,
+an error code is returned right away.
+
+The next step is to check whether or not the processor model is known to the
+driver, which determines the idle states enumeration method (see
+`above <intel-idle-enumeration-of-states_>`_), and whether or not the processor
+supports ``MWAIT`` (the initialization fails if that is not the case). Then,
+the ``MWAIT`` support in the processor is enumerated through ``CPUID`` and the
+driver initialization fails if the level of support is not as expected (for
+example, if the total number of ``MWAIT`` substates returned is 0).
+
+Next, if the driver is not configured to ignore the ACPI tables (see
+`below <intel-idle-parameters_>`_), the idle states information provided by the
+platform firmware is extracted from them.
+
+Then, ``CPUIdle`` device objects are allocated for all CPUs, quirks are applied
+to the "internal" idle states table matching the given processor model (if it is
+recognized by the driver) and the list of idle states is created (see
+`above <intel-idle-enumeration-of-states_>`_).
+
+The quirks are needed in the cases when the same "internal" table of idle states
+is used for multiple processor models and some of those idle states may not be
+supported in some processor configurations (in which case, if the affected
+processor configuration is detected, the idle states in question are marked
+as "unusable") or the list of idle states to use depends on the number of
+processor sockets in the system. There is also a special way to obtain the
+exit latency value for some idle states of Broxton processors that can be used
+for updating the "internal" idle states table before using it for the
+enumeration of idle states.
+
+Next, ``intel_idle`` is registered with the help of cpuidle_register_driver() as
+the ``CPUIdle`` driver for all CPUs in the system and a CPU online callback for
+configuring individual CPUs is registered via cpuhp_setup_state(), which (among
+other things) causes the callback routine to be invoked for all of the CPUs
+present in the system at that time (each CPU executes its own instance of the
+callback routine). That routine registers a ``CPUIdle`` device for the CPU
+running it and if the processor model is recognized by ``intel_idle``, it
+modifies the model-specific registers (MSRs) of that CPU in order to disable
+auto-demotion of idle states or auto-promotion to the ``C1E`` idle state (or
+both) if that needs to be done for the processor model at hand.
+
+
+.. _intel-idle-parameters:
+
+Kernel Command Line Options and Module Parameters
+=================================================
+
+The *x86* architecture support code recognizes three kernel command line
+options related to CPU idle time management: ``idle=poll``, ``idle=halt``,
+and ``idle=nomwait``. If any of them is present in the kernel command line, the
+``MWAIT`` instruction is not allowed to be used, so the initialization of
+``intel_idle`` will fail.
+
+Apart from that there are two module parameters recognized by ``intel_idle``
+itself that can be set via the kernel command line (they cannot be updated via
+sysfs, so that is the only way to set them).
+
+The ``max_cstate`` parameter value is the maximum idle state index in the list
+of idle states supplied to the ``CPUIdle`` core during the registration of the
+driver. It is also the maximum number of regular (non-polling) idle states that
+can be used by ``intel_idle``, so the enumeration of idle states is terminated
+after finding that number of usable idle states (the other idle states that
+potentially might have been used if ``max_cstate`` had been greater are not
+taken into consideration at all). Setting ``max_cstate`` can prevent
+``intel_idle`` from exposing idle states that are regarded as "too deep" for
+some reason to the ``CPUIdle`` core, but it does so by making them effectively
+invisible until the system is shut down and started again which may not always
+be desirable. In practice, it is only really necessary to do that if the idle
+states in question cannot be enabled during system startup, because in the
+working state of the system the CPU power management quality of service (PM
+QoS) feature can be used to prevent ``CPUIdle`` from touching those idle states
+even if they have been enumerated (see :ref:`cpu-pm-qos` in :doc:`cpuidle`).
+Setting ``max_cstate`` to 0 causes the ``intel_idle`` initialization to fail.
+
+The ``noacpi`` parameter (which is recognized if the kernel has been configured
+with ACPI support) can be used to make ``intel_idle`` ignore the system's ACPI
+tables (which is the case if that parameter is equal to 1).
+
+
+.. _intel-idle-core-and-package-idle-states:
+
+Core and Package Levels of Idle States
+======================================
+
+Typically, in a processor supporting the ``MWAIT`` instruction there are (at
+least) two levels of idle states (or C-states). One level, referred to as
+"core C-states", covers individual cores in the processor, whereas the other
+level, referred to as "package C-states", covers the entire processor package
+and it may also involve other components of the system (GPUs, memory
+controllers, I/O hubs etc.).
+
+Some of the ``MWAIT`` hint values allow the processor to use core C-states only
+(most importantly, that is the case for the ``MWAIT`` hint value corresponding
+to the ``C1`` idle state), but the majority of them give it a license to put
+the target core (i.e. the core containing the logical CPU executing ``MWAIT``
+with the given hint value) into a specific core C-state and then (if possible)
+to enter a specific package C-state at the deeper level. For example, the
+``MWAIT`` hint value representing the ``C3`` idle state allows the processor to
+put the target core into the low-power state referred to as "core ``C3``" (or
+``CC3``), which happens if all of the logical CPUs (SMT siblings) in that core
+have executed ``MWAIT`` with the ``C3`` hint value (or with a hint value
+representing a deeper idle state), and in addition to that (in the majority of
+cases) it gives the processor a license to put the entire package (possibly
+including some non-CPU components such as a GPU or a memory controller) into the
+low-power state referred to as "package ``C3``" (or ``PC3``), which happens if
+all of the cores have gone into the ``CC3`` state and (possibly) some additional
+conditions are satisfied (for instance, if the GPU is covered by ``PC3``, it may
+be required to be in a certain GPU-specific low-power state for ``PC3`` to be
+reachable).
+
+As a rule, there is no simple way to make the processor use core-level C-states
+only if the conditions for entering the corresponding package C-states are met,
+so the logical CPU executing ``MWAIT`` with a hint value that is not core-level
+only (like for ``C1``) must always assume that this may cause the processor to
+enter a package C-state. That is why the exit latency and target residency
+values corresponding to the majority of ``MWAIT`` hint values in the "internal"
+tables of idle states in ``intel_idle`` reflect the properties of package
+C-states. If using package C-states is not desirable at all, either
+:ref:`PM QoS <cpu-pm-qos>` or the ``max_cstate`` module parameter of
+``intel_idle`` described `above <intel-idle-parameters_>`_ must be used to
+restrict the range of permissible idle states to the ones with core-level only
+``MWAIT`` hint values (like ``C1``).
+
+
+References
+==========
+
+.. [1] *Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual Volume 2B*,
+ https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developer-vol-2b-manual.html
+
+.. [2] *Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Specification*,
+ https://uefi.org/specifications